2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S Specs


OVERVIEW

With a fuel consumption of 44.3 mpg US - 53.2 mpg UK - 5.3 L/100km, a weight of 1829 lbs (830 kg), the Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S has a 3 cylinder SOHC engine, a Regular gasoline engine 3G83. This engine 3G83 produces a maximum power of 50.6 PS (50 bhp - 37.2 kW) at 6500 rpm and a maximum torque of 61.7 Nm (45.5 lb.ft - 6.3 kg.m) at 4000 rpm. The engine power is transmitted to the road by the front wheel drive (FF) with a 3AT gearbox. For stopping power, the Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S braking system includes drum at the rear and disk at the front. Stock tire sizes are 155/65 on 13 inch rims at the rear and 155/65 on 13 inch rims at the front. Chassis details - Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S has torque arm 3 link rear suspension and strut front suspension for road holding and ride confort.

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GENERAL INFORMATION
Period of ProductionAug 2009 -
Drive Wheels - Traction - DrivetrainFF
Transmission Gearbox - Number of Speeds3AT
Engine Size - Displacement - Engine Capacity657 cm3 or 40 cu-in
Frame NameDBA-H82A

MITSUBISHI TOPPO 660 S SIZE, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT
Exterior Length339.5 cm or 133.66 inches
Exterior Width147.5 cm or 58.07 inches
Exterior Height168 cm or 66.14 inches
Exterior Size (L x W x H)339.5x147.5x168 cm or 133.66x58.07x66.14 inches
Interior Length190 cm or 74.8 inches
Interior Width127.5 cm or 50.19 inches
Interior Height143 cm or 56.29 inches
Interior Size (L x W x H)190x127.5x143 cm or 74.8x50.19x56.29 inches
Wheelbase234 cm or 92.12 inches
Front Axle Length130 cm or 51.18 inches
Rear Axle Length129.5 cm or 50.98 inches
Ride Height - Ground Clearance14 cm or 5.51 inches
Weight830 kg or 1829 lbs
Num. of Seats4
Num. of Doors5
Minimum Turning Circle - Turning Diameter, m4.4
Fuel Tank Capacity7.9 US gallons
6.5 UK gallons
30 L
Seat Rows2
Front/Rear Axis Length130/129.5 cm or 51.18/50.98 inches

MITSUBISHI TOPPO 660 S ENGINE TECHNICAL DATA
Engine Code3G83
Maximum Power - Output - Horsepower50.6 PS or 50 bhp or 37.2 kW
Maximum Power RPM6500 rpm
Maximum Power Output50.6 PS or 50 bhp or 37 kW @ 6500 rpm
Maximum Torque61.7 Nm or 45.5 lb.ft or 6.3 kg.m
Maximum Torque RPM4000 rpm
Maximum Torque Output62 Nm or 45.5 lb.ft or 6.3 kg.m @ 4000 rpm
Engine Type - Number of Cylinders3 cylinder SOHC
Fuel TypeRegular gasoline
Fuel Consumption (10/15 mode)44.3 mpg US
53.2 mpg UK
5.3 L/100km
Variable Cylinder Management - VCMNo
Ecological Type2005 emission regulation 85% reduction

MITSUBISHI TOPPO 660 S SUSPENSION
Front Brakes - Disc Dimensionsdisk
Rear Brakes - Disั Dimensionsdrum
Front Suspensionstrut
Rear Suspensiontorque arm 3 link
Front Tyres - Rims Dimensions155/65 R13
Rear Tyres - Rims Dimensions155/65 R13
Aluminium DiskNo
4WS - Four-Wheel SteeringNo
Variable Gear Ratio Steering - VGS/VGRSNo
Sport-Tuned SuspensionNo
Low Down SuspensionNo

MITSUBISHI TOPPO 660 S EXTERIOR
SunroofNo
Front SpoilerStandart
Rear SpoilerNo
Xenon LampsNo
Front Fog LampsNo
Rear Fog LampsNo
Ultraviolet Glass ProtectionNo
Roof RailNo
Big SunroofNo
T Bar RoofNo
Roof EquipmentNo
Targa RoofNo
Hard TopNo
Soft Top-
Canvas Top-
Metal Top-
Magnesium WheelsNo
Side Sliding DoorNo
Sliding DoorsNo
Sliding Electric DoorNo
Sliding Electric DoorsNo
Door Easy CloserNo
Power Rear DoorNo
Head Lights WasherNo
Privacy GlassNo
Winter ComplectationOption

MITSUBISHI TOPPO 660 S INTERIOR
Power WindowStandart
Power SteeringStandart
Keyless EnterStandart
Cruise ControlNo
Leather SeatNo
Power Adjustable SeatsNo
Front Seat HeaterNo
Power Ajustable Front SeatNo
Removable SeatsNo
Shifter Positioninstrument panel
Steering Locatonright
Steereing Gear Typerack & pinion type with power assist
Ottoman SeatNo
Front Bench SeatStandart
Full Flat Seats-
Seat Position MemoryNo
Seat LifterStandart
Adjustable 3rd RowNo
Walk Throught-
2nd Row Throught-
2nd Rowseparate folding
3nd Row-
Lagage BoxStandart
Engine Start ButtonNo
EtcNo
Bucket SeatNo

MITSUBISHI TOPPO 660 S SAFETY
Drivers AirbagStandart
Passengers AirbagStandart
Side AirbagNo
ABSABS with EBD ( option )
Break AssistOption
Parking RadarNo
Curtain AirbagsNo
2 AirbagsNo
Front MonitorNo
Sides MonitorsNo
Back MonitorNo
Active HeadrestStandart
Start Stop SystemNo
Run Flat TiresNo
Air SuspensionNo
Brakes Equipment-
Collision Mitigation SystemNo
Night VisionNo
Lane Keep AssistNo
Distance Control SystemNo
SonarNo
Cenral Diff LockNo
ESCNo
Traction ControlNo
Down Hill AssistNo
AYCNo
SH-4WDNo
Isofix BarNo
Build-in Child SeatNo
Autocorrected MirrorsNo
Rain SensorNo
Intelligent AFSNo
Alarm SystemNo
Security AlarmStandart
Road Service-

AMENITY
Air Conditionermanualair conditioning(standard)
Air PurifierNo
RadioOption
Autoreverse CasetteNo
CD PlayerOption
MD PalyerOption
Navigation System-
Mesomorphic Monitor-
Traffic Jam Assist-
Audio HDDNo
DVD-audioNo
Additional Sound Equipment-
Rear Entertainment SystemNo
SpeakerStandart
AC PlugNo
Stearing Wheel HeaterNo
Rear Seats HeaterNo
HumidifierNo
Air FilterStandart
Antibacterial FilterNo
ะždor AbsorberStandart
DehumidifierNo
Intelligent Parking AssistNo
Optional Navigation SystemNo

OTHER
LSDNo


- Present
- Option
- Not Present (or Dealer Option)




By Brian Wong, Reviewed by: Kurt Niebuhr, Updated on April 18, 2024
๐Ÿ“Œ Introduction to the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S
๐Ÿ“Œ Overview of Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S Specs
๐Ÿ“Œ Engine Specifications of the 2009 Toppo 660 S
๐Ÿ“Œ Dimensions and Sizes of the Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S
๐Ÿ“Œ Fuel Tank Capacity: How Much Can It Hold?
๐Ÿ“Œ Fuel Consumption: What to Expect
๐Ÿ“Œ Fuel Capacity and Efficiency
๐Ÿ“Œ Calculating Fuel Average (MPG) for the 2009 Toppo 660 S
๐Ÿ“Œ Wheels and Tires for the Toppo 660 S
๐Ÿ“Œ Conclusion: Summing Up the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S
๐Ÿ“Œ FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions About the Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S

Introduction to the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S

The 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S, a compact and practical vehicle, entered the automotive scene in August 2009. This Japanese kei car, classified as a microvan, has carved out a niche for itself with its distinctive design and functional features.

Designed for urban maneuverability, the Toppo 660 S is a front-wheel-drive (FF) vehicle, making it well-suited for city driving. Its transmission comes with a 3-speed automatic gearbox, ensuring smooth shifts and efficient performance.

Under the hood, you'll find a 657 cmร‚ยณ engine, providing adequate power for its intended purpose. The engine, identified by the code 3G83, generates approximately 50.6 horsepower (PS) at 6500 rpm and boasts a maximum torque output of 61.7 Nm at 4000 rpm. This three-cylinder, single overhead cam (SOHC) engine runs on regular gasoline and adheres to 2005 emission regulations with an 85% reduction in emissions.

In terms of dimensions, the Toppo 660 S offers a compact footprint. Its exterior measures 339.5 cm in length, 147.5 cm in width, and 168 cm in height, making it easy to navigate through congested urban streets. The interior dimensions provide a comfortable space for passengers, with an interior length of 190 cm, width of 127.5 cm, and height of 143 cm.

The vehicle's suspension features struts at the front and a torque arm 3-link system at the rear, contributing to a smooth and stable ride. The Toppo 660 S comes equipped with 155/65 R13 tires on both the front and rear wheels, offering a balance of grip and efficiency.

For those concerned about fuel economy, this Mitsubishi model offers impressive numbers. It achieves a fuel consumption rating of 44.3 mpg in the US or 53.2 mpg in the UK, translating to approximately 5.3 L/100km.

With its compact size, economical engine, and thoughtful design, the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S caters to the demands of urban commuters and individuals looking for a practical and efficient microvan. Its unique blend of features makes it a notable contender in the kei car category.

Overview of Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S Specs

The 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S is a compact and practical vehicle that boasts a range of specifications designed to meet the needs of urban drivers. This versatile microvan, which made its debut in August 2009, offers a blend of functionality and efficiency.

One of the key features of the Toppo 660 S is its front-wheel-drive (FF) system, which enhances maneuverability in city environments. Paired with a 3-speed automatic transmission, this vehicle ensures smooth gear shifts and an overall efficient driving experience.

Powering the Toppo 660 S is a 657 cmร‚ยณ engine known as the 3G83. This three-cylinder, single overhead cam (SOHC) engine delivers approximately 50.6 horsepower (PS) at 6500 rpm, providing adequate performance for its intended urban use. It also offers a maximum torque output of 61.7 Nm at 4000 rpm, contributing to its overall responsiveness.

In terms of fuel efficiency, the Toppo 660 S stands out with a fuel consumption rating of 44.3 mpg in the US or 53.2 mpg in the UK, equivalent to around 5.3 L/100km. This makes it a cost-effective choice for daily commuting and city driving.

The vehicle's compact dimensions further enhance its suitability for urban living. With an exterior length of 339.5 cm, a width of 147.5 cm, and a height of 168 cm, it can easily navigate through tight city streets and park in limited spaces. Inside, passengers enjoy a comfortable cabin with an interior length of 190 cm, a width of 127.5 cm, and a height of 143 cm.

The Toppo 660 S features a suspension system that includes struts at the front and a torque arm 3-link setup at the rear. This configuration contributes to a balanced and stable ride, while 155/65 R13 tires on both the front and rear wheels provide adequate grip and control.

Overall, the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S offers a well-rounded package of specifications, making it a practical choice for urban commuters and drivers who prioritize efficiency, maneuverability, and cost-effective transportation in city environments.

Engine Specifications of the 2009 Toppo 660 S

The heart of the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S lies in its engine specifications, delivering the power and performance needed for urban driving. This microvan is equipped with an efficient and compact engine designed to meet the demands of city commuting.

Under the hood, you'll find the 3G83 engine, a three-cylinder powerplant with a single overhead cam (SOHC) configuration. This engine, with a displacement of 657 cmร‚ยณ, produces approximately 50.6 horsepower (PS) at 6500 rpm. This power output provides the Toppo 660 S with ample acceleration and responsiveness for navigating busy city streets.

One of the notable aspects of this engine is its torque characteristics. It generates a maximum torque of 61.7 Nm at 4000 rpm, ensuring that the vehicle can tackle various driving situations with ease. Whether it's quick acceleration from a stoplight or maintaining speed on the highway, the Toppo 660 S's engine delivers sufficient torque for the task.

The 2009 Toppo 660 S is optimized for fuel efficiency, making it a practical choice for city dwellers. It runs on regular gasoline and achieves a remarkable fuel consumption rating of 44.3 mpg in the US or 53.2 mpg in the UK, which translates to approximately 5.3 L/100km. This efficient fuel performance helps reduce the cost of ownership and minimizes the need for frequent refueling.

In summary, the engine specifications of the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S highlight its suitability for urban driving. With a compact and efficient engine design, this microvan offers the power and efficiency needed to navigate city streets while keeping fuel consumption in check.

Dimensions and Sizes of the Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S

The 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S boasts dimensions and sizes that are well-suited to urban driving, offering a compact footprint that's easy to maneuver in city traffic and park in tight spaces.

Starting with its exterior, the Toppo 660 S measures 339.5 cm (133.66 inches) in length, 147.5 cm (58.07 inches) in width, and 168 cm (66.14 inches) in height. This compact size allows the vehicle to navigate through congested streets and fit into small parking spots with ease. The overall exterior size is 339.5 x 147.5 x 168 cm (133.66 x 58.07 x 66.14 inches).

Inside the cabin, passengers are treated to a comfortable and practical space. The interior length measures 190 cm (74.8 inches), providing ample legroom for occupants. The interior width comes in at 127.5 cm (50.19 inches), allowing for a cozy yet spacious interior. The interior height is 143 cm (56.29 inches), providing sufficient headroom for passengers.

The wheelbase of the Toppo 660 S is 234 cm (92.12 inches), contributing to stability and ride comfort. The front axle length is 130 cm (51.18 inches), while the rear axle length is 129.5 cm (50.98 inches). The ride height, or ground clearance, is 14 cm (5.51 inches), striking a balance between agility and road clearance.

In terms of seating and capacity, the Toppo 660 S accommodates four passengers with its two-seat rows. The vehicle features five doors, making entry and exit convenient for all occupants. The minimum turning circle, or turning diameter, is approximately 4.4 meters, allowing the vehicle to navigate tight corners and narrow streets with ease.

Overall, the dimensions and sizes of the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S emphasize its suitability for urban environments. Its compact exterior dimensions and thoughtfully designed interior space provide a comfortable and practical driving experience, ideal for city dwellers and urban commuters.

Fuel Tank Capacity: How Much Can It Hold?

The fuel tank capacity of the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S is a crucial specification for drivers who want to understand how far they can travel on a single tank of fuel. This microvan, designed for urban driving, offers a fuel tank capacity that aligns with its efficient and cost-effective nature.

The Toppo 660 S comes equipped with a fuel tank that can hold approximately 7.9 US gallons (or approximately 6.5 UK gallons, or 30 liters) of gasoline. This capacity allows the vehicle to cover a considerable distance before needing to refuel, making it a practical choice for daily commuting and city driving.

With a fuel consumption rating of 44.3 mpg in the US or 53.2 mpg in the UK (equivalent to approximately 5.3 L/100km), the Toppo 660 S combines its modest fuel tank capacity with impressive fuel efficiency. This means that drivers can enjoy extended driving range and spend less time and money at the fuel pump, contributing to a more cost-effective ownership experience.

The combination of a reasonably sized fuel tank and excellent fuel economy ensures that the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S is well-suited to urban environments where refueling options may be limited or where frequent stops can be inconvenient. This microvan offers both convenience and efficiency to urban commuters.

Fuel Consumption: What to Expect

When it comes to fuel consumption, the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S offers an efficient and economical driving experience. This microvan is designed with urban commuters in mind, and its fuel efficiency is a standout feature.

The Toppo 660 S achieves an impressive fuel consumption rating of 44.3 mpg in the US or 53.2 mpg in the UK, equivalent to approximately 5.3 L/100km. These numbers reflect the vehicle's ability to make the most of its fuel, resulting in fewer trips to the gas station and reduced overall fuel expenses.

This exceptional fuel economy is primarily attributed to the vehicle's modest engine size and efficient design. The 657 cmร‚ยณ engine, paired with a 3-speed automatic transmission, optimizes fuel usage while delivering sufficient power for city driving.

For urban commuters and those navigating congested streets, the Toppo 660 S provides a cost-effective solution. It not only reduces the environmental impact with its efficient fuel consumption but also helps drivers save money on fuel costs in the long run.

The Toppo 660 S's fuel-efficient performance makes it a practical choice for daily commuting, running errands around town, and handling the stop-and-go traffic often encountered in urban environments. It strikes a balance between power and fuel economy, offering drivers an economical and eco-friendly option for their transportation needs.

Fuel Capacity and Efficiency

The 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S strikes a balance between fuel capacity and efficiency, making it a practical choice for urban drivers who prioritize both convenience and cost-effectiveness.

The Toppo 660 S is equipped with a fuel tank that can hold approximately 7.9 US gallons (or approximately 6.5 UK gallons, or 30 liters) of gasoline. This fuel tank capacity provides a reasonable range for city driving, reducing the need for frequent refueling stops. It caters to the demands of urban life where access to fuel stations may not always be readily available.

Complementing its fuel capacity is the vehicle's impressive fuel efficiency. The Toppo 660 S achieves a fuel consumption rating of 44.3 mpg in the US or 53.2 mpg in the UK, equivalent to approximately 5.3 L/100km. This level of efficiency ensures that drivers can cover a significant distance on a single tank of fuel, translating to cost savings and reduced environmental impact.

The microvan's economical fuel consumption not only benefits the driver's wallet but also contributes to reduced carbon emissions, making it a responsible choice for environmentally conscious urban commuters.

In summary, the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S combines a practical fuel tank capacity with exceptional fuel efficiency, catering to the needs of city dwellers. This balance allows drivers to enjoy the convenience of extended driving range while keeping fuel expenses in check, all within the context of an eco-friendly driving experience.

Calculating Fuel Average (MPG) for the 2009 Toppo 660 S

Calculating the fuel average, commonly measured in miles per gallon (MPG), for the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S is a straightforward process that allows drivers to assess the vehicle's fuel efficiency and plan their journeys more effectively.

To calculate the MPG for the Toppo 660 S, you'll need two essential pieces of information:

1. Miles Driven: Begin by recording the number of miles you have traveled in the vehicle. You can use the vehicle's odometer to track the distance covered during a specific period.

2. Amount of Fuel Consumed: Next, you need to determine the amount of fuel consumed during that same period. This can be done by noting the number of gallons or liters of gasoline you have refueled.

Once you have these two values, calculating the MPG is a simple division:

MPG = Miles Driven / Amount of Fuel Consumed

For example, if you drove 300 miles and consumed 10 gallons of gasoline during that time:

MPG = 300 miles / 10 gallons = 30 MPG

This means that your 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S achieved an average fuel efficiency of 30 miles per gallon for that particular journey.

Calculating the MPG allows drivers to monitor their fuel consumption habits, assess the vehicle's performance, and make informed decisions about their driving patterns. It's a valuable tool for those looking to optimize their fuel efficiency and reduce fuel costs, particularly in urban driving scenarios where fuel economy matters.

Wheels and Tires for the Toppo 660 S

The wheels and tires of the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S are integral components that play a crucial role in the vehicle's overall performance, safety, and comfort. These aspects are particularly important for city driving, where road conditions can vary, and maneuverability is key.

Tire Size and Type:
The Toppo 660 S comes equipped with tires that have a size of 155/65 R13 for both the front and rear wheels. This tire size strikes a balance between grip and efficiency, making it suitable for urban driving. The 13-inch rims provide adequate support for these tires.

Tire Design and Tread Pattern:
The design and tread pattern of the tires are optimized for urban use. While they may not be rugged off-road tires, they offer good traction on paved roads, enhancing the vehicle's stability and control, especially when navigating through city streets and tight corners.

Tire Maintenance:
Proper tire maintenance is essential for ensuring safety and performance. Drivers should regularly check tire pressure to ensure it is within the manufacturer's recommended range. Additionally, maintaining the correct alignment and balance of the tires is important for even wear and optimal handling.

Spare Tire:
Like most vehicles, the Toppo 660 S is likely to come with a spare tire. It's crucial for drivers to know the location of the spare tire and how to access it in case of a flat tire. Regularly inspecting the spare tire's condition is also recommended to ensure it's ready for use in emergencies.

Seasonal Considerations:
Depending on the climate and weather conditions in the area where the vehicle is driven, drivers may consider switching to winter or all-season tires during the colder months. These tires are designed to provide better traction in snow, ice, or wet conditions, further enhancing safety.

In conclusion, the wheels and tires of the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S are tailored to urban driving needs. They provide a balance of grip and efficiency, ensuring that the vehicle can handle city streets with confidence and ease. Proper tire maintenance and consideration for seasonal variations can contribute to a safe and comfortable driving experience.

Conclusion: Summing Up the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S

Summing up the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S, it's evident that this microvan is designed with urban driving in mind. Its compact dimensions, efficient engine, and thoughtful features make it a practical choice for city dwellers and commuters. Here are some key takeaways:

1. Urban-Friendly Size: The Toppo 660 S's compact exterior dimensions, including its length, width, and height, make it highly maneuverable in city traffic. It can easily navigate through tight streets and fit into small parking spaces.

2. Efficient Engine: The vehicle's 657 cmร‚ยณ engine, with its SOHC design, offers a balance of power and fuel efficiency. It's well-suited for stop-and-go traffic and daily commuting.

3. Fuel Efficiency: With an impressive fuel consumption rating, the Toppo 660 S minimizes the cost of ownership and reduces the need for frequent refueling stops. It's a cost-effective choice for city driving.

4. Practical Interior: The cabin provides a comfortable and functional interior space for passengers. Ample legroom and headroom ensure a pleasant driving experience.

5. Tire and Wheel Configuration: The 155/65 R13 tires on 13-inch rims strike a balance between grip and efficiency, contributing to stability and control on city roads.

6. Environmental Responsibility: The Toppo 660 S adheres to emission regulations, making it an environmentally responsible choice for urban commuters.

In conclusion, the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S is tailored to the needs of urban drivers. Its compact size, fuel efficiency, and practical design elements combine to provide a cost-effective and eco-friendly transportation solution for navigating the challenges of city life.

FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions About the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S

What is the production year range for the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S?

The 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S was produced in the year 2009.

How many models were available for the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S?

The 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S was available as a single model.

What are the different generations of the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S?

The 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S belongs to the first generation of Toppo 660 S.

Can you tell me about the engine types available for the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S?

The 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S was equipped with a 657 cmร‚ยณ engine, known as the 3G83, which is a 3-cylinder SOHC engine.

What were the engine names or codes used for the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S?

The engine code for the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S is 3G83.

How many different trim levels or complectations were offered for the 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S?

The 2009 Mitsubishi Toppo 660 S was available with various complectations, including winter complectation as an option. However, specific trim levels may vary by market.


Brian Wong - Senior Reviews Editor of cars-directory.net

Brian Wong / Author

Brian Wong is an accomplished automotive journalist and editor with a passion for cars. With over a decade of experience in the industry, he has established himself as a trusted voice in the automotive community. Brian has written extensively about a wide range of topics in the field, from the latest trends in car design to innovative safety features and emerging technologies. As a senior reviews editor, he is responsible for test driving and analyzing the latest cars on the market, providing readers with accurate and objective reviews. His articles are widely read and respected for their depth of knowledge and analysis. Brian is committed to staying at the forefront of the latest developments in the automotive industry, and is dedicated to sharing his expertise and insights with his readers.

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