2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL Specs

OVERVIEW

With a fuel consumption of 18.8 mpg US - 22.5 mpg UK - 12.5 L/100km, a weight of 3902 lbs (1770 kg), the Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL has a V-type 8 cylinder DOHC engine, a High octane premium gasoline engine VK45DE. This engine VK45DE produces a maximum power of 283.8 PS (280 bhp - 208.7 kW) at 6000 rpm and a maximum torque of 451.1 Nm (332.7 lb.ft - 46 kg.m) at 3600 rpm. The engine power is transmitted to the road by the rear wheel drive (FR) with a 5AT gearbox. For stopping power, the Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL braking system includes Ventilated disk at the rear and Ventilated disk at the front. Stock tire sizes are 225/60 on 16 inch rims 98H at the rear and 225/60 on 16 inch rims 98H at the front. Chassis details - Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL has independent multi link rear suspension and independent strut front suspension for road holding and ride confort.

Add to compare list

- Present
- Option
- Not Present (or Dealer Option)

• Search Car Specs
• Other Cima Specs Database

More photos Nissan Cima

By Brian Wong, Reviewed by: Kurt Niebuhr, Updated on April 20, 2024

Introduction to the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL

The 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL presents itself as an elegant and well-appointed sedan, boasting a combination of performance and luxury that catered to discerning drivers of its time. Produced from August 2003 onwards, this model adhered to the rear-wheel-drive (FR) configuration, which, coupled with its distinctive styling, contributed to its appeal.

Under the hood, the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL featured a robust 4.5-liter V8 engine, known by its engine code VK45DE. This powerplant delivered an impressive 280 horsepower (or 283.8 PS) at 6000 RPM and a peak torque of 332.7 lb-ft (or 451.1 Nm) at 3600 RPM. The engine's V-type 8 cylinder DOHC configuration, along with a variable valve timing system, ensured a smooth and responsive driving experience. This sedan ran on high-octane premium gasoline and adhered to the super low exhaust vehicle (G-LEV) standard.

In terms of fuel efficiency, the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL achieved an average fuel consumption of approximately 18.8 miles per gallon (MPG) in the 10/15 mode testing. It employed a 5-speed automatic transmission gearbox and had gear ratios tailored for a balanced mix of power and efficiency.

The sedan's dimensions further emphasized its spaciousness and comfort. With an exterior length of 196.65 inches and a wheelbase of 112.99 inches, it offered ample room for both passengers and cargo. Inside, the interior length measured 78.74 inches, providing a generous cabin space. Additionally, features like power-adjustable seats, a wood panel interior trim, and cruise control enhanced the overall driving experience.

Safety was a priority for the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL, as it came equipped with essential features like driver and passenger airbags, side airbags, and side impact bars. Furthermore, the sedan featured traction control (TCS) and brake assist systems to ensure stability and stopping power.

Overall, the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL aimed to deliver a blend of luxury, performance, and safety in a stylish sedan package. Its well-appointed interior, powerful V8 engine, and safety features made it a compelling choice for those seeking a premium driving experience during its production period.

Engine Specifications

The heart of the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL is its formidable engine, the VK45DE, a V8 powerhouse that fuels the sedan's performance capabilities. This 4.5-liter engine, with a displacement of 4494 cm³, or 274.2 cu-in, is known for delivering a robust driving experience.

Under the hood, the VK45DE engine employs a V-type 8 cylinder configuration with double overhead camshafts (DOHC). One of its standout features is the variable valve timing system, which optimizes engine performance and efficiency by adjusting the timing of the intake and exhaust valves.

When it comes to power output, this engine doesn't disappoint. It cranks out an impressive 280 horsepower (or 283.8 PS) at 6000 RPM. The torque delivery is equally compelling, with a peak torque of 332.7 lb-ft (or 451.1 Nm) available at 3600 RPM. These specifications combine to provide a satisfying acceleration and overall dynamic performance.

The engine operates on high-octane premium gasoline, ensuring that it runs at peak efficiency. It's also worth noting that the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL adheres to the super low exhaust vehicle (G-LEV) standard, underscoring its commitment to environmentally friendly performance.

The transmission in the 2003 Cima 4.5 450XL is a 5-speed automatic gearbox, which is designed to seamlessly channel the engine's power to the rear wheels, further enhancing the sedan's performance characteristics.

In summary, the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL's engine specifications reveal a well-balanced blend of power, efficiency, and advanced technology. This V8 engine, with its variable valve timing and responsive performance, contributed to the sedan's reputation for delivering a satisfying driving experience.

Fuel Efficiency and MPG

Fuel efficiency has always been a significant consideration for drivers, and the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL aimed to strike a balance between performance and economy. This sedan, with its 4.5-liter V8 engine and rear-wheel-drive configuration, offered a respectable fuel economy within its class.

During standardized testing in the 10/15 mode, the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL achieved an average fuel consumption rating. While specific values may vary based on driving conditions and individual driving habits, this sedan typically delivered approximately 18.8 miles per gallon (MPG) in the United States, equivalent to about 22.5 miles per gallon (MPG) in the United Kingdom, or roughly 12.5 liters per 100 kilometers.

These fuel efficiency figures were influenced by various factors, including the vehicle's V8 engine, automatic transmission, and overall design. While the 2003 Cima 4.5 450XL prioritized performance and luxury, it also considered the importance of minimizing fuel consumption to provide a more economical and eco-friendly driving experience.

Drivers of the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL could enjoy the benefits of a powerful V8 engine while still benefiting from relatively competitive fuel efficiency for a vehicle in its class. This balance made it an attractive choice for those seeking a blend of performance and fuel economy in a luxury sedan.

Fuel Tank Capacity

The 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL boasts a well-sized fuel tank that allows for extended drives without the need for frequent refueling stops. This sedan comes equipped with a fuel tank capacity of approximately 21.1 US gallons, which is equivalent to approximately 17.5 UK gallons or 80 liters.

The substantial fuel tank capacity complements the sedan's V8 engine and its performance-oriented design. With this capacity, drivers could cover significant distances with fewer interruptions for refueling, making it suitable for long journeys or daily commuting, depending on individual driving habits and conditions.

The generous fuel tank capacity of the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL not only contributes to its convenience but also enhances the overall driving experience, allowing for extended periods between visits to the gas station. This aspect aligns with the sedan's aim to provide a balance between performance and practicality, catering to the needs of those who seek both power and endurance in their daily driving.

Dimensions and Sizes

The 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL offers a spacious and well-proportioned design, providing ample room for both passengers and cargo. This sedan's dimensions and sizes emphasize its comfort and practicality.

Exterior Dimensions:
- Length: The exterior length of the 2003 Cima 4.5 450XL measures approximately 196.65 inches (499.5 cm).
- Width: The exterior width comes in at about 72.63 inches (184.5 cm).
- Height: The exterior height stands at around 58.66 inches (149 cm).

Interior Dimensions:
- Length: Inside the cabin, you'll find an interior length of approximately 78.74 inches (200 cm).
- Width: The interior width is spacious, measuring roughly 60.23 inches (153 cm).
- Height: The interior height is comfortable at about 47.24 inches (120 cm).

Wheelbase:
- The wheelbase of the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL is approximately 112.99 inches (287 cm), which contributes to its stable and well-balanced ride.

Axle Lengths:
- The front axle length measures approximately 62 inches (157.5 cm).
- The rear axle length is around 61.22 inches (155.5 cm).

Ride Height - Ground Clearance:
- The sedan offers a ground clearance of approximately 5.51 inches (14 cm), striking a balance between a comfortable ride and road clearance.

Weight:
- The 2003 Cima 4.5 450XL weighs in at about 3902 pounds (1770 kg).

Seating and Doors:
- The sedan comfortably seats up to 5 passengers.
- It features 4 doors for convenient access to the cabin.

Turning Circle:
- The minimum turning circle or turning diameter is approximately 5.3 meters, contributing to its maneuverability in various driving situations.

These dimensions and sizes collectively create a spacious and comfortable interior for occupants while maintaining a sleek and well-proportioned exterior design. The sedan's thoughtful design elements contribute to its appeal, providing a balance between style, comfort, and practicality.

Wheel Details

The 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL features a set of well-designed wheels that complement its overall performance and aesthetics. These wheel details play a crucial role in enhancing the sedan's driving experience and visual appeal.

Front and Rear Tires:
- The sedan is equipped with tires that have dimensions of 225/60 R16 98H. These tires strike a balance between grip, comfort, and handling characteristics.

Rims:
- The 2003 Cima 4.5 450XL's rims are designed to accommodate the specified tire size, ensuring a proper fit for optimal performance.

Tire Type:
- The tires are designed for a smooth and comfortable ride while maintaining good traction and stability.

The combination of appropriately sized tires and well-matched rims contributes to the sedan's handling, ride comfort, and overall performance on the road. Additionally, the wheel design adds to the visual appeal of the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL, complementing its stylish exterior and overall aesthetic.

Trim Levels and Generations

The 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL represents a distinct trim level within the Cima model lineup, and it belongs to the third generation of Cima sedans produced by Nissan. This generation of Cima cars, including the 4.5 450XL, was manufactured from August 2003 onwards.

Trim Level - 4.5 450XL:
- The 4.5 450XL trim level offered a balance of luxury, performance, and advanced features, making it an appealing choice for those seeking a high-end sedan experience. It featured a powerful 4.5-liter V8 engine, known for its performance capabilities, along with a host of interior amenities and safety features.

Third Generation:
- The 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL belongs to the third generation of the Cima model. This generation introduced various design and technological advancements, including updates to the exterior and interior styling, as well as improved performance and safety features.

The third generation of the Nissan Cima aimed to deliver a refined and upscale driving experience, catering to drivers who valued both comfort and performance. With its distinctive trim level and belonging to this generation, the 2003 Cima 4.5 450XL represented a significant offering in Nissan's lineup during its production period.

Interior Features

The interior of the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL is designed with a focus on comfort, convenience, and luxury, offering a host of features to enhance the overall driving experience for both the driver and passengers.

Power Windows and Door Mirrors:
- The sedan comes standard with power windows, allowing for easy adjustment of window positions with the push of a button.
- Power-adjustable door mirrors provide convenience in customizing the view and angles from the side mirrors.

Power Steering:
- Power steering enhances maneuverability and ease of steering, making it effortless to navigate the sedan in various driving conditions.

Tachometer:
- A tachometer is provided to display engine RPM, helping the driver monitor the engine's performance.

Centralized Door Lock:
- Centralized door locking simplifies the process of securing all doors simultaneously, adding to the convenience and safety of the vehicle.

Keyless Entry:
- Keyless entry allows for effortless entry and exit from the vehicle, enhancing security and convenience.

Leather-Wrapped Steering Wheel:
- The steering wheel is wrapped in leather, providing a comfortable and tactile grip for the driver.

Adjustable Steering Column:
- The steering column is adjustable, allowing drivers to find their preferred driving position for added comfort.

Telescopic Steering:
- Telescopic steering functionality further enhances steering adjustment options, catering to drivers of various heights and preferences.

Tilt Steering:
- Tilt steering enables the steering wheel to be tilted up or down, providing additional customization for driver comfort.

Wood Panel Trim:
- Wood panel trim accents the interior, adding a touch of elegance and sophistication to the cabin.

Cruise Control:
- Cruise control functionality allows for effortless highway driving, maintaining a consistent speed set by the driver.

Leather Seats (Option):
- The option for leather seats enhances the luxurious feel of the interior and provides added comfort.

Power-Adjustable Seats:
- Power-adjustable seats, both in the front and back, allow passengers to find the ideal seating position.

Reclining Seats:
- Reclining seats offer additional comfort options for passengers during long journeys.

Removable Seats:
- Removable seats may provide flexibility in configuring the interior space for specific needs.

Turning Seats:
- Turning seats can assist passengers with ease of entry and exit from the vehicle.

These interior features collectively create a comfortable and convenient environment within the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL, making it a suitable choice for those seeking a blend of luxury and practicality in their driving experience.

Exterior Design

The 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL boasts an elegant and sophisticated exterior design that reflects its premium status within the sedan segment. This exterior design is characterized by a harmonious blend of classic luxury elements and modern styling cues.

Distinctive Front End:
- The front end of the Cima 4.5 450XL features a bold and chrome-accented grille, which adds a touch of prestige to the sedan's appearance.
- Sleek and angular headlights with clear lens covers contribute to a contemporary look, while providing excellent visibility at night.

Sleek Profile:
- The sedan's profile showcases its well-proportioned dimensions and a smooth, uninterrupted roofline.
- Chrome trim accents, particularly around the windows and door handles, add a luxurious touch.

Elegant Rear:
- At the rear, the 2003 Cima 4.5 450XL is characterized by refined and elongated taillights, which create a cohesive design from front to back.
- A subtle rear spoiler enhances the sedan's aerodynamic profile.

Body Colors:
- The choice of body colors for this model includes a range of sophisticated and classic shades, allowing buyers to select the color that suits their preferences.

Wheel Design:
- The sedan's wheels are designed to complement its overall appearance, adding to the visual appeal.
- While the specific wheel design may vary depending on the model variant or trim level, they all contribute to the sedan's stylish aesthetics.

Exterior Dimensions:
- With its impressive exterior dimensions, the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL stands out on the road, offering a commanding presence.

Overall, the exterior design of the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL combines timeless luxury with modern touches, creating a visually appealing sedan that exudes prestige and sophistication. Whether parked or in motion, it leaves a lasting impression on onlookers and passengers alike.

Safety Features

The 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL prioritizes safety as an integral part of its design, offering a range of features and technologies to enhance the well-being of both the driver and passengers.

Dual Airbags:
- The sedan is equipped with dual front airbags, providing an added layer of protection in the event of a collision.

Side Airbags:
- Side airbags are included to protect occupants from side-impact collisions, reducing the risk of injury.

Side Impact Bars:
- The vehicle incorporates side impact bars designed to absorb and distribute impact energy, further enhancing passenger safety.

Traction Control System (TCS):
- TCS is a standard safety feature that helps maintain stability and control during acceleration, particularly on slippery or uneven road surfaces.

Brake Assist:
- Brake assist is designed to provide additional braking force during emergency stops, aiding in the reduction of stopping distances.

Parking Radar (Option):
- For added convenience and safety, the option for parking radar is available, assisting drivers in maneuvering the vehicle in tight spaces and avoiding obstacles.

Central Power Window Control:
- Centralized control for power windows adds to the convenience of the driver, allowing for quick adjustment of window positions.

Additional Stop Light:
- An additional stoplight is incorporated into the rear of the vehicle, increasing visibility to following vehicles when braking.

Safety Belt Pretensioner and Limiter:
- Safety belt pretensioners and limiters are in place to ensure that seatbelts are properly tensioned upon impact, optimizing their effectiveness.

3-Point Safety Belts:
- The vehicle is equipped with 3-point safety belts for all seating positions, enhancing occupant protection.

Child Car Restraints:
- Provisions for child car restraints ensure the safety of young passengers during travel.

Durable Frame (Option):
- For enhanced safety and rigidity, the option for a durable frame is available, further reinforcing the vehicle's structural integrity.

These safety features collectively contribute to the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL's commitment to passenger protection, emphasizing both proactive and reactive measures to ensure the well-being of those inside the vehicle. Whether driving in everyday conditions or facing unexpected challenges on the road, this sedan offers a range of safety enhancements for peace of mind.

Performance Highlights

The 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL delivers a remarkable blend of performance and luxury, making it a compelling choice in its segment. Several performance highlights define the driving experience of this sedan:

V8 Powerhouse:
- At the heart of the Cima 4.5 450XL lies a potent 4.5-liter V8 engine, known for its robust power delivery and smooth performance.

Impressive Horsepower:
- This V8 engine produces an impressive 280 horsepower (or 283.8 PS), ensuring strong acceleration and responsive power delivery across a range of driving conditions.

Abundant Torque:
- With a peak torque of 332.7 lb-ft (or 451.1 Nm), the Cima 4.5 450XL offers ample low-end torque, enhancing both off-the-line acceleration and passing power.

Variable Valve Timing:
- The engine is equipped with a variable valve timing system, optimizing performance and efficiency by adjusting the timing of the intake and exhaust valves.

Smooth Transmission:
- A 5-speed automatic transmission gearbox complements the engine, offering smooth and precise shifts for an enjoyable driving experience.

Rear-Wheel Drive (RWD):
- The sedan's rear-wheel-drive (RWD) configuration provides balanced handling characteristics, allowing for confident and precise control on the road.

Traction Control:
- The inclusion of a traction control system (TCS) ensures stability, especially in challenging road conditions or during aggressive driving.

Brake Assist:
- Brake assist further enhances safety by providing additional braking force during emergency stops, aiding in shorter stopping distances.

Responsive Steering:
- Power steering contributes to responsive and effortless maneuvering, enhancing overall control and handling.

Comfortable Ride:
- Despite its performance-oriented nature, the Cima 4.5 450XL offers a comfortable and smooth ride, thanks to its well-tuned suspension and advanced engineering.

The 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL combines power, precision, and refinement to deliver a performance-focused driving experience. Whether cruising on the highway or navigating city streets, this sedan offers a harmonious balance between luxury and dynamic capabilities, making it an enticing choice for those who appreciate the best of both worlds.

Fuel Consumption Analysis

Analyzing the fuel consumption of the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL provides insights into its efficiency and running costs. While individual driving habits and conditions can influence fuel economy, this sedan's performance and design contribute to its overall fuel consumption.

Equipped with a 4.5-liter V8 engine and a 5-speed automatic transmission, the Cima 4.5 450XL strikes a balance between power and efficiency. Here's a closer look at its fuel consumption:

City Driving:
- In urban environments with frequent stops and starts, the sedan's fuel consumption may be relatively higher due to the demands of acceleration and deceleration.

Highway Efficiency:
- On the highway, where cruising at constant speeds is common, the Cima 4.5 450XL can demonstrate more efficient fuel consumption compared to city driving.

Variable Valve Timing:
- The engine's variable valve timing system optimizes fuel combustion, enhancing efficiency and performance. This technology helps achieve a balance between power and economy.

Traction Control:
- The presence of traction control aids in maintaining stability, potentially improving fuel efficiency by preventing wheel spin and excessive power loss.

Brake Assist:
- Brake assist contributes to safe and efficient braking, which can reduce unnecessary fuel consumption during sudden stops.

Tire and Wheel Design:
- The choice of tires and rims can also influence fuel efficiency, as properly matched components contribute to optimized rolling resistance.

Aerodynamics:
- The sedan's exterior design and aerodynamics play a role in its fuel consumption. Streamlined bodywork can reduce air resistance and enhance efficiency.

Driving Habits:
- Individual driving habits, such as aggressive acceleration and braking, can impact fuel economy. Smooth and gradual inputs on the accelerator and brake pedals often result in better fuel efficiency.

While specific fuel consumption figures may vary based on driving conditions and individual behavior, the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL is designed to offer a balance between performance and economy. Its V8 engine, paired with advanced technologies and thoughtful design, aims to deliver a satisfying driving experience while minimizing fuel consumption to a reasonable extent.

Fuel Capacity Overview

Understanding the fuel capacity of the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL is essential for planning long journeys and ensuring that you can maximize your driving range without frequent refueling stops. This sedan offers a well-thought-out fuel capacity that aligns with its performance and design.

Fuel Tank Capacity:
- The 2003 Cima 4.5 450XL comes equipped with a fuel tank that has a capacity of approximately 21.1 US gallons (or 17.5 UK gallons), equivalent to approximately 80 liters.

This substantial fuel capacity provides several advantages:

Extended Driving Range:
- The large fuel tank allows for longer journeys without the need for frequent stops at gas stations. Drivers can cover significant distances before needing to refuel.

Convenience:
- With a generous fuel capacity, drivers can enjoy the convenience of fewer refueling stops during their daily commutes or road trips.

Ideal for Long-Distance Travel:
- The 2003 Cima 4.5 450XL's fuel capacity makes it well-suited for long-distance travel, ensuring that you can explore destinations without worrying about running out of fuel.

Balancing Performance and Practicality:
- While the sedan features a powerful V8 engine, it also considers the importance of practicality and endurance. The substantial fuel capacity complements the car's performance-oriented design.

Economical Highway Cruising:
- On highways, where fuel consumption tends to be lower than in city driving, the sedan's fuel capacity allows for extended periods of efficient cruising.

Overall, the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL's fuel capacity overview highlights its ability to offer a satisfying driving experience while ensuring practicality and convenience for a variety of driving scenarios. Whether you're embarking on a long journey or navigating city streets, this sedan's fuel capacity provides peace of mind and enhances your driving experience.

Average Fuel Economy (MPG)

The 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL delivers a balance of performance and efficiency, and one key metric for measuring its fuel efficiency is its average fuel economy, typically expressed in miles per gallon (MPG). While actual fuel economy can vary depending on driving conditions and individual habits, here's a general overview:

City Fuel Economy:
- In urban environments with frequent stop-and-go traffic, the Cima 4.5 450XL may achieve a lower MPG figure due to the demands of city driving.

Highway Fuel Economy:
- On the open highway, where cruising at constant speeds is common, the sedan's fuel economy tends to be more efficient compared to city driving.

Combined Fuel Economy:
- The overall or combined fuel economy takes into account a mix of both city and highway driving, providing an average figure that reflects typical real-world usage.

The specific MPG figures for the 2003 Cima 4.5 450XL may vary depending on factors such as engine condition, maintenance, driving habits, and environmental conditions. However, the sedan's design, which includes a V8 engine with variable valve timing and other efficiency-enhancing technologies, is aimed at delivering a satisfying balance between performance and fuel efficiency. This balance makes it suitable for both everyday commuting and longer journeys, allowing drivers to enjoy the sedan's capabilities while maintaining reasonable fuel consumption.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL represents a compelling choice in the luxury sedan segment, offering a harmonious blend of performance, comfort, and advanced features. Its key attributes can be summarized as follows:

Powerful V8 Engine:
- The sedan is powered by a robust 4.5-liter V8 engine, delivering impressive horsepower and torque for spirited driving.

Luxurious Interior:
- Inside, the Cima 4.5 450XL offers a spacious and comfortable cabin, equipped with a range of amenities and features that prioritize driver and passenger convenience.

Safety Features:
- The vehicle incorporates a suite of safety features, including airbags, side impact bars, and traction control, to enhance passenger protection.

Efficient Design:
- The sedan's design takes into account both performance and efficiency, making it suitable for various driving scenarios.

Generous Fuel Capacity:
- With a substantial fuel tank, the Cima 4.5 450XL enables longer journeys and reduces the frequency of refueling stops.

Balanced Fuel Economy:
- The sedan delivers a balanced fuel economy, considering its performance capabilities and practicality.

Stylish Exterior:
- Its exterior design showcases a blend of classic luxury and modern styling elements, making a strong visual statement on the road.

Well-Considered Features:
- Features such as power-adjustable seats, keyless entry, and a leather-wrapped steering wheel enhance convenience and comfort.

Performance Focus:
- The Cima 4.5 450XL is designed to provide a satisfying driving experience, balancing power and precision.

Overall, the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL caters to drivers who seek a luxurious and capable sedan that can excel in various driving conditions. Its performance, safety, and comfort features make it a well-rounded choice, appealing to those who value both performance and practicality in their daily drives.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about the 2003 Nissan Cima 4.5 450XL