2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S Specs
OVERVIEW
With a fuel consumption of 33.1 mpg US - 39.7 mpg UK - 7.1 L/100km, a curb weight of 3472 lbs (1575 kg), the Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S has a horizontal opposite 4 cylinder SOHC engine, a Regular gasoline engine EJ20. This engine EJ20 produces a maximum power of 141.9 PS (140 bhp - 104.3 kW) at 5600 rpm and a maximum torque of 186.3 Nm (137.4 lb.ft - 19 kg.m) at 4400 rpm. The engine power is transmitted to the road by the front wheel drive (FF) with a 4AT gearbox. For stopping power, the Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S braking system includes disk brake at the rear and V disk at the front. Stock tire sizes are 205/50 on 17 inch rims at the rear and 205/50 on 17 inch rims at the front. Chassis details - Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S has double wishbone rear suspension and strut front suspension for road holding and ride confort.
Add to compare listGENERAL INFORMATION | |
---|---|
Period of Production | Sep 2009 - |
Drive Wheels - Traction - Drivetrain | FF |
Transmission Gearbox - Number of Speeds | 4AT |
Engine Size - Displacement - Engine Capacity | 1994 cm3 or 121.6 cu-in |
Frame Name | DBA-GE6 |
Gearbox Mode | standard |
SUBARU IMPREZA 2.0 I-S SIZE, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT | |
Exterior Length | 458 cm or 180.31 inches |
Exterior Width | 174 cm or 68.5 inches |
Exterior Height | 147.5 cm or 58.07 inches |
Exterior Size (L x W x H) | 458x174x147.5 cm or 180.31x68.5x58.07 inches |
Interior Length | 198.5 cm or 78.14 inches |
Interior Width | 147.5 cm or 58.07 inches |
Interior Height | 120 cm or 47.24 inches |
Interior Size (L x W x H) | 198.5x147.5x120 cm or 78.14x58.07x47.24 inches |
Wheelbase | 262 cm or 103.14 inches |
Front Axle Length | 149.5 cm or 58.85 inches |
Rear Axle Length | 150 cm or 59.05 inches |
Ride Height - Ground Clearance | 15.5 cm or 6.1 inches |
Weight | 1300 kg or 2866 lbs |
Num. of Seats | 5 |
Num. of Doors | 4 |
Minimum Turning Circle - Turning Diameter, m | 5.3 |
Fuel Tank Capacity | 15.8 US gallons 13.1 UK gallons 60 L |
Curb Weight | 1575 kg or 3472 lbs |
Seat Rows | 2 |
Front/Rear Axis Length | 149.5/150 cm or 58.85/59.05 inches |
SUBARU IMPREZA 2.0 I-S ENGINE TECHNICAL DATA | |
Engine Code | EJ20 |
Maximum Power - Output - Horsepower | 141.9 PS or 140 bhp or 104.3 kW |
Maximum Power RPM | 5600 rpm |
Maximum Power Output | 141.9 PS or 140 bhp or 103 kW @ 5600 rpm |
Maximum Torque | 186.3 Nm or 137.4 lb.ft or 19 kg.m |
Maximum Torque RPM | 4400 rpm |
Maximum Torque Output | 186 Nm or 137.4 lb.ft or 19 kg.m @ 4400 rpm |
Engine Type - Number of Cylinders | horizontal opposite 4 cylinder SOHC |
Fuel Type | Regular gasoline |
Fuel Consumption (10/15 mode) | 33.1 mpg US 39.7 mpg UK 7.1 L/100km |
Variable Cylinder Management - VCM | |
Ecological Type | 2005 emission regulation 85% reduction |
SUBARU IMPREZA 2.0 I-S SUSPENSION | |
Front Brakes - Disc Dimensions | V disk |
Rear Brakes - DisΡ Dimensions | disk brake |
Front Suspension | strut |
Rear Suspension | double wishbone |
Front Tyres - Rims Dimensions | 205/50 R17 |
Rear Tyres - Rims Dimensions | 205/50 R17 |
Aluminium Disk | |
4WS - Four-Wheel Steering | |
Variable Gear Ratio Steering - VGS/VGRS | |
Sport-Tuned Suspension | |
Low Down Suspension | |
SUBARU IMPREZA 2.0 I-S EXTERIOR | |
Sunroof | |
Front Spoiler | |
Rear Spoiler | |
Xenon Lamps | |
Front Fog Lamps | |
Rear Fog Lamps | |
Ultraviolet Glass Protection | |
Roof Rail | |
Big Sunroof | |
T Bar Roof | |
Roof Equipment | |
Targa Roof | |
Hard Top | |
Soft Top | - |
Canvas Top | - |
Metal Top | - |
Magnesium Wheels | |
Side Sliding Door | |
Sliding Doors | |
Sliding Electric Door | |
Sliding Electric Doors | |
Door Easy Closer | |
Power Rear Door | |
Head Lights Washer | |
Privacy Glass | |
Winter Complectation | |
SUBARU IMPREZA 2.0 I-S INTERIOR | |
Power Window | |
Power Steering | |
Keyless Enter | |
Cruise Control | |
Leather Seat | |
Power Adjustable Seats | |
Front Seat Heater | |
Power Ajustable Front Seat | |
Removable Seats | |
Shifter Position | floor |
Steering Locaton | right |
Steereing Gear Type | rack & pinion type with power assist |
Ottoman Seat | |
Front Bench Seat | |
Full Flat Seats | - |
Seat Position Memory | |
Seat Lifter | |
Adjustable 3rd Row | |
Walk Throught | - |
2nd Row Throught | - |
2nd Row | separate folding |
3nd Row | - |
Lagage Box | |
Engine Start Button | |
Etc | |
Bucket Seat | |
SUBARU IMPREZA 2.0 I-S SAFETY | |
Drivers Airbag | |
Passengers Airbag | |
Side Airbag | |
ABS | ABS with EBD ( standard ) |
Break Assist | |
Parking Radar | |
Curtain Airbags | |
2 Airbags | |
Front Monitor | |
Sides Monitors | |
Back Monitor | |
Active Headrest | |
Start Stop System | |
Run Flat Tires | |
Air Suspension | |
Brakes Equipment | - |
Collision Mitigation System | |
Night Vision | |
Lane Keep Assist | |
Distance Control System | |
Sonar | |
Cenral Diff Lock | |
ESC | |
Traction Control | |
Down Hill Assist | |
AYC | |
SH-4WD | |
Isofix Bar | |
Build-in Child Seat | |
Autocorrected Mirrors | |
Rain Sensor | |
Intelligent AFS | |
Alarm System | |
Security Alarm | |
Road Service | HELPNET (option) |
AMENITY | |
Air Conditioner | autoair conditioning(standard) |
Air Purifier | |
Radio | |
Autoreverse Casette | |
CD Player | |
MD Palyer | |
Navigation System | HDD navigation (option) |
Mesomorphic Monitor | - |
Traffic Jam Assist | Subaru G-BOOK ALPHA (option) |
Audio HDD | |
DVD-audio | |
Additional Sound Equipment | - |
Rear Entertainment System | |
Speaker | |
AC Plug | |
Stearing Wheel Heater | |
Rear Seats Heater | |
Humidifier | |
Air Filter | |
Antibacterial Filter | |
Πdor Absorber | |
Dehumidifier | |
Intelligent Parking Assist | |
Optional Navigation System | |
OTHER | |
LSD |
- Present
- Option
- Not Present (or Dealer Option)
More photos Subaru Impreza
By Brian Wong, Reviewed by: Kurt Niebuhr, Updated on April 23, 2024
π Engine Specifications and Performance
π Fuel Tank Capacity and Range
π Fuel Consumption and Efficiency (MPG)
π Dimensions and Size Specifications
π Wheel Options and Tire Sizes
π Interior Features and Cabin Space
π Safety Features and Ratings
π Trim Levels and Available Packages
π Conclusion: Is the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S Right for You?
π Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About the Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S
Overview of the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S
The 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S is a compact car that offers a blend of practicality, performance, and versatility. With its sleek and sporty design, it captures attention on the road.Underneath its stylish exterior, the Impreza 2.0 i-S packs a capable drivetrain. It is equipped with a front-wheel drive (FF) system and a 4-speed automatic transmission gearbox. The engine is a 2.0-liter, 4-cylinder SOHC unit with a displacement of 1994 cm3 (121.6 cu-in). It generates a maximum power output of 140 bhp (104.3 kW) at 5600 rpm and a maximum torque of 137.4 lb.ft (186.3 Nm) at 4400 rpm. The engine code for this model is EJ20, known for its reliability and performance.
In terms of size, the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S offers a well-proportioned body. It measures approximately 458 cm (180.31 inches) in length, 174 cm (68.5 inches) in width, and 147.5 cm (58.07 inches) in height. The wheelbase spans 262 cm (103.14 inches), providing stability and a smooth ride. With its compact dimensions, the Impreza 2.0 i-S is maneuverable and agile.
Moving to the interior, the Impreza 2.0 i-S offers a comfortable and functional cabin. It accommodates up to five passengers across two seat rows. The interior dimensions provide ample space, with an interior length of 198.5 cm (78.14 inches), interior width of 147.5 cm (58.07 inches), and interior height of 120 cm (47.24 inches). The front seats are power-adjustable for added convenience.
Safety is a priority in the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S. Standard safety features include driver and passenger airbags, ABS with EBD (Electronic Brakeforce Distribution), and active headrests. Additional safety options, such as side airbags and curtain airbags, are available for enhanced protection.
In terms of amenities, the Impreza 2.0 i-S offers features like automatic air conditioning, a radio system, and an available HDD navigation system. The exterior boasts a rear spoiler, front fog lamps, and optional xenon lamps for improved visibility.
With its well-rounded package of performance, size, safety, and amenities, the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S caters to drivers seeking a reliable and practical compact car that doesn't compromise on style.
Engine Specifications and Performance
The 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S is equipped with a capable engine that delivers reliable performance. Powering this model is a 2.0-liter, 4-cylinder SOHC engine with a displacement of 1994 cm3 (121.6 cu-in). The engine code for this model is EJ20, known for its durability and efficiency.The 2.0-liter engine of the Impreza 2.0 i-S produces a maximum power output of 140 bhp (104.3 kW) at 5600 rpm. It delivers a maximum torque of 137.4 lb.ft (186.3 Nm) at 4400 rpm. This powertrain provides a responsive and enjoyable driving experience, whether on city streets or highways.
The Impreza 2.0 i-S features a front-wheel drive (FF) system, offering good traction and stability on various road conditions. It is paired with a 4-speed automatic transmission gearbox, which provides smooth and seamless gear shifts.
In terms of fuel efficiency, the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S delivers respectable performance. While the specific fuel consumption figures may vary depending on driving conditions and other factors, the Impreza 2.0 i-S achieves an average fuel consumption of 33.1 mpg US (39.7 mpg UK or 7.1 L/100km) based on the 10/15 mode testing.
The engine of the Impreza 2.0 i-S complies with the 2005 emission regulations, offering an 85% reduction in emissions for a more environmentally friendly driving experience.
Overall, the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S impresses with its reliable and efficient engine, delivering a balance of performance and fuel economy that appeals to drivers looking for a practical and enjoyable driving experience.
Fuel Tank Capacity and Range
The 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S comes with a fuel tank capacity that provides ample range for your driving needs. The fuel tank has a capacity of 15.8 US gallons (13.1 UK gallons or 60 liters). With its efficient engine and moderate fuel consumption, the Impreza 2.0 i-S offers a decent driving range.The specific range achievable with a full tank of fuel can vary depending on driving conditions, such as city or highway driving, as well as individual driving habits. However, with an average fuel consumption of 33.1 mpg US (39.7 mpg UK or 7.1 L/100km) based on the 10/15 mode testing, the Impreza 2.0 i-S can travel a considerable distance before requiring a refuel.
It's worth noting that factors such as driving style, terrain, and cargo load can affect the actual range achieved. Engaging in fuel-efficient driving practices, such as maintaining a steady speed and avoiding unnecessary acceleration and braking, can help optimize fuel economy and extend the driving range.
The 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S, with its fuel tank capacity and reasonable fuel consumption, offers a practical and efficient solution for both daily commutes and longer journeys, ensuring you can go the distance with confidence.
Fuel Consumption and Efficiency (MPG)
The 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S offers commendable fuel efficiency, making it an economical choice for drivers. The specific fuel consumption figures can vary depending on driving conditions, but the Impreza 2.0 i-S achieves an average fuel consumption of 33.1 mpg US (39.7 mpg UK or 7.1 L/100km) based on the 10/15 mode testing.The 2.0-liter engine of the Impreza 2.0 i-S, combined with its efficient drivetrain, allows for optimal fuel efficiency without compromising performance. The engine is designed to deliver power while minimizing fuel consumption, striking a balance between performance and economy.
It's important to note that actual fuel consumption can vary based on various factors, including driving habits, traffic conditions, and terrain. Factors such as aggressive acceleration, heavy loads, and stop-and-go traffic can affect fuel efficiency negatively. Conversely, adopting fuel-efficient driving techniques, such as maintaining a steady speed, avoiding excessive idling, and anticipating traffic flow, can help maximize fuel economy.
The 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S stands as a fuel-efficient option within its class, allowing drivers to enjoy a balance of performance and cost-effective fuel consumption. With its efficient engine and thoughtful design, the Impreza 2.0 i-S offers an appealing choice for those seeking a vehicle that can go the distance while minimizing visits to the fuel pump.
Dimensions and Size Specifications
The 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S boasts well-proportioned dimensions, providing a comfortable and spacious interior while maintaining a sleek and agile exterior profile. Let's explore the size specifications of this model.The exterior length of the Impreza 2.0 i-S measures approximately 458 cm (180.31 inches), giving it a balanced presence on the road. With a width of 174 cm (68.5 inches), the Impreza 2.0 i-S offers a compact yet accommodating stance. Its exterior height reaches 147.5 cm (58.07 inches), contributing to its aerodynamic design.
Inside the vehicle, the Impreza 2.0 i-S offers a well-designed cabin with ample space for occupants. The interior length extends to about 198.5 cm (78.14 inches), providing generous legroom for both the driver and passengers. With an interior width of 147.5 cm (58.07 inches), the cabin feels open and accommodating. The interior height measures 120 cm (47.24 inches), ensuring sufficient headroom for occupants.
The Impreza 2.0 i-S features a wheelbase of 262 cm (103.14 inches), contributing to a stable and smooth ride. The front axle length measures 149.5 cm (58.85 inches), while the rear axle length extends to 150 cm (59.05 inches), providing balanced weight distribution.
With a ride height of 15.5 cm (6.1 inches), the Impreza 2.0 i-S offers sufficient ground clearance for navigating various road conditions. The vehicle's weight is approximately 1300 kg (2866 lbs), contributing to its nimble handling and fuel efficiency.
In terms of seating, the Impreza 2.0 i-S accommodates up to five passengers across its four doors. The front seats are power-adjustable, providing customizable comfort and support.
Overall, the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S strikes a balance between size and practicality. Its well-proportioned dimensions offer a comfortable interior while maintaining a sleek and maneuverable exterior, making it a versatile choice for various driving needs.
Wheel Options and Tire Sizes
The 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S offers a range of wheel options and tire sizes, allowing drivers to customize their driving experience based on their preferences and requirements.For this particular model, the Impreza 2.0 i-S comes equipped with 17-inch wheels. The front and rear tire sizes are both 205/50 R17. These tires strike a balance between comfort, handling, and performance.
The 17-inch wheel size provides a desirable combination of style and stability, enhancing the overall appearance of the vehicle while ensuring a smooth and controlled ride. The tire size of 205/50 R17 offers optimal grip and traction, contributing to confident handling and responsive steering.
While the Impreza 2.0 i-S comes with standard wheel and tire sizes, some drivers may choose to upgrade to different wheel options or select alternative tire sizes based on their individual preferences. It's important to consult with a reputable tire specialist or the vehicle manufacturer to ensure that any wheel or tire modifications are compatible with the vehicle and meet safety standards.
Whether sticking with the standard 17-inch wheels and 205/50 R17 tire sizes or opting for custom wheel options, the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S allows drivers to personalize their driving experience while maintaining the desired balance of style, performance, and handling characteristics.
Interior Features and Cabin Space
The 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S offers a well-designed interior with a range of features and ample cabin space, providing comfort and convenience for both the driver and passengers.Inside the Impreza 2.0 i-S, you'll find a thoughtfully designed cabin that prioritizes comfort and functionality. The interior length measures approximately 198.5 cm (78.14 inches), providing generous legroom for all occupants. The interior width spans 147.5 cm (58.07 inches), allowing for a spacious and comfortable seating arrangement. The interior height measures 120 cm (47.24 inches), ensuring sufficient headroom for passengers of various heights.
The Impreza 2.0 i-S features power windows and power steering as standard, adding convenience to the driving experience. The keyless entry system allows for easy access to the vehicle, enhancing security and ease of use. The available power-adjustable front seats provide customizable comfort and support for the driver and front passenger.
While leather seats are not included as standard in the 2.0 i-S trim, the interior materials are carefully selected to provide durability and comfort. The cabin offers a pleasant environment for occupants to enjoy their journey.
In terms of additional features, the Impreza 2.0 i-S offers a range of options depending on the specific configuration and market. These options may include cruise control, front seat heaters, and a navigation system. However, it's important to note that the availability of these features may vary depending on the region and trim level.
With its well-designed interior and thoughtful features, the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S offers a comfortable and functional cabin space, ensuring an enjoyable driving experience for both the driver and passengers.
Safety Features and Ratings
The 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S prioritizes safety and comes equipped with a range of features designed to protect occupants and enhance overall safety performance.Safety is a crucial aspect of any vehicle, and the Impreza 2.0 i-S incorporates several standard safety features to ensure a secure driving experience. These features include driver and passenger airbags, offering protection in the event of a collision. Additionally, the vehicle is equipped with ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) with EBD (Electronic Brakeforce Distribution) as standard, assisting in maintaining control during braking maneuvers.
The Impreza 2.0 i-S also features active headrests that help reduce the risk of whiplash injuries by providing added support and protection to the head and neck area.
While specific safety ratings for the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S may vary based on different testing agencies and regions, it's important to note that the vehicle has been designed and engineered with safety in mind. Subaru vehicles, in general, have a reputation for their commitment to safety, and the Impreza 2.0 i-S is no exception.
To stay up to date with safety advancements, it is recommended to consult the official safety ratings and reports from respected organizations such as the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). These organizations evaluate vehicles based on a series of crash tests and safety assessments, providing valuable insights into the safety performance of vehicles.
With its range of standard safety features, the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S aims to provide drivers and passengers with peace of mind on the road, prioritizing safety to help ensure a secure and protected driving experience.
Trim Levels and Available Packages
The 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S offers a specific trim level that comes with a range of standard features and equipment. While available packages may vary depending on the region and market, the base trim of the Impreza 2.0 i-S offers a well-rounded package that caters to drivers seeking a blend of performance and practicality.The 2.0 i-S trim level of the 2009 Subaru Impreza comes equipped with features such as power windows, power steering, and keyless entry as standard. These features enhance convenience and ease of use for both the driver and passengers.
While the 2.0 i-S trim does not include leather seats as standard, the interior materials are carefully chosen to provide comfort and durability. The front seats are power-adjustable, allowing for customizable seating positions to suit individual preferences.
In terms of safety, the Impreza 2.0 i-S trim level features driver and passenger airbags, as well as ABS with EBD (Electronic Brakeforce Distribution). These safety features contribute to occupant protection and assist in maintaining control during braking.
Additional available packages and options may include features such as cruise control, front seat heaters, and a navigation system, depending on the specific market and configuration.
It's important to note that available trim levels and packages can vary based on the region and market, so it is advisable to consult with a local Subaru dealership or official Subaru documentation to get the most accurate and up-to-date information on available packages and trim levels for the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S in your specific area.
With its well-rounded standard features and the possibility of available packages, the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S offers options for drivers to tailor their vehicle to their specific needs and preferences, providing a comfortable and enjoyable driving experience.
Conclusion: Is the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S Right for You?
The 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S offers a compelling package for drivers seeking a practical and reliable compact car with a touch of sportiness. With its sleek design, capable engine, and range of features, the Impreza 2.0 i-S provides a well-rounded driving experience.The 2.0-liter engine of the Impreza 2.0 i-S delivers reliable performance while maintaining decent fuel efficiency. It strikes a balance between power and economy, making it suitable for both daily commutes and longer journeys.
Inside the cabin, the Impreza 2.0 i-S offers comfortable seating and ample interior space for both the driver and passengers. The thoughtful design ensures a pleasant driving experience, with features like power-adjustable seats and convenient amenities.
In terms of safety, the Impreza 2.0 i-S includes standard features such as airbags and ABS with EBD, contributing to occupant protection and stability during braking maneuvers.
While the available trim levels and packages may vary depending on the region and market, the Impreza 2.0 i-S provides a solid base with the option to add additional features based on personal preferences.
Ultimately, whether the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S is the right choice for you depends on your specific needs and preferences. If you value a blend of practicality, performance, and reliability, with a touch of sportiness, the Impreza 2.0 i-S offers a compelling option to consider.
To make an informed decision, it's recommended to explore the vehicle further, consult official Subaru documentation, and potentially take a test drive to experience the Impreza 2.0 i-S firsthand. This will allow you to assess its features, performance, and overall suitability for your individual requirements and driving style.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S
What is the period of production for the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S?
What are the available trim levels for the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S?
Are there any other engine options available for the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S?
Does the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S have any specific engine name or code?
Are there different generations of the Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S for the 2009 model year?
Can you provide information about the fuel consumption of the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S?
What are the dimensions of the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S?
How many seats does the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S have?
What safety features are included in the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S?
Does the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S offer any available packages or optional features?
Can I find a sunroof or xenon lamps in the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S?
What is the fuel tank capacity of the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S?
Are there any sport-tuned suspension or four-wheel steering options available for the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S?
Does the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S have leather seats or a power-adjustable front seat?
What type of safety features does the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S have?
Can I find a navigation system or rear entertainment system in the 2009 Subaru Impreza 2.0 i-S?
Brian Wong / AuthorBrian Wong is an accomplished automotive journalist and editor with a passion for cars. With over a decade of experience in the industry, he has established himself as a trusted voice in the automotive community. Brian has written extensively about a wide range of topics in the field, from the latest trends in car design to innovative safety features and emerging technologies. As a senior reviews editor, he is responsible for test driving and analyzing the latest cars on the market, providing readers with accurate and objective reviews. His articles are widely read and respected for their depth of knowledge and analysis. Brian is committed to staying at the forefront of the latest developments in the automotive industry, and is dedicated to sharing his expertise and insights with his readers. |