2005 Subaru Pleo 660 F type S Specs


OVERVIEW

With a fuel consumption of 47 mpg US - 56.4 mpg UK - 5.0 L/100km, a curb weight of 2358 lbs (1070 kg), the Subaru Pleo 660 F type S has a 4 cylinder SOHC engine, a Regular gasoline engine EN07. This engine EN07 produces a maximum power of 46.6 PS (46 bhp - 34.3 kW) at 6000 rpm and a maximum torque of 57.8 Nm (42.6 lb.ft - 5.9 kg.m) at 5200 rpm. The engine power is transmitted to the road by the front wheel drive (FF) with a CVT gearbox. For stopping power, the Subaru Pleo 660 F type S braking system includes drum at the rear and V disk at the front. Stock tire sizes are 155/65 on 13 inch rims at the rear and 155/65 on 13 inch rims at the front. Chassis details - Subaru Pleo 660 F type S has strut rear suspension and strut front suspension for road holding and ride confort.

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GENERAL INFORMATION
Period of ProductionOct 2005 - Jun 2006
Drive Wheels - Traction - DrivetrainFF
Transmission Gearbox - Number of SpeedsCVT
Engine Size - Displacement - Engine Capacity658 cm3 or 40.1 cu-in
Frame NameTA-RA1

SUBARU PLEO 660 F TYPE S SIZE, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT
Exterior Length339.5 cm or 133.66 inches
Exterior Width147.5 cm or 58.07 inches
Exterior Height155 cm or 61.02 inches
Exterior Size (L x W x H)339.5x147.5x155 cm or 133.66x58.07x61.02 inches
Interior Length168.5 cm or 66.33 inches
Interior Width122 cm or 48.03 inches
Interior Height125.5 cm or 49.4 inches
Interior Size (L x W x H)168.5x122x125.5 cm or 66.33x48.03x49.4 inches
Wheelbase231 cm or 90.94 inches
Front Axle Length129 cm or 50.78 inches
Rear Axle Length126.5 cm or 49.8 inches
Ride Height - Ground Clearance14 cm or 5.51 inches
Weight850 kg or 1873 lbs
Num. of Seats4
Num. of Doors5
Minimum Turning Circle - Turning Diameter, m4.7
Fuel Tank Capacity8.4 US gallons
7 UK gallons
32 L
Curb Weight1070 kg or 2358 lbs
Seat Rows2
Front/Rear Axis Length129/126.5 cm or 50.78/49.8 inches

SUBARU PLEO 660 F TYPE S ENGINE TECHNICAL DATA
Engine CodeEN07
Maximum Power - Output - Horsepower46.6 PS or 46 bhp or 34.3 kW
Maximum Power RPM6000 rpm
Maximum Power Output46.6 PS or 46 bhp or 34 kW @ 6000 rpm
Maximum Torque57.8 Nm or 42.6 lb.ft or 5.9 kg.m
Maximum Torque RPM5200 rpm
Maximum Torque Output58 Nm or 42.6 lb.ft or 5.9 kg.m @ 5200 rpm
Engine Type - Number of Cylinders4 cylinder SOHC
Fuel TypeRegular gasoline
Fuel Consumption (10/15 mode)47 mpg US
56.4 mpg UK
5.0 L/100km
Variable Cylinder Management - VCMNo
Ecological Type2000 emission regulation 25% reduction

SUBARU PLEO 660 F TYPE S SUSPENSION
Front Brakes - Disc DimensionsV disk
Rear Brakes - Disั Dimensionsdrum
Front Suspensionstrut
Rear Suspensionstrut
Front Tyres - Rims Dimensions155/65 R13
Rear Tyres - Rims Dimensions155/65 R13
Aluminium DiskNo
4WS - Four-Wheel SteeringNo
Variable Gear Ratio Steering - VGS/VGRSNo
Sport-Tuned SuspensionNo
Low Down SuspensionNo

SUBARU PLEO 660 F TYPE S EXTERIOR
SunroofNo
Front SpoilerStandart
Rear SpoilerStandart
Xenon LampsNo
Front Fog LampsStandart
Rear Fog LampsNo
Ultraviolet Glass ProtectionStandart
Roof RailNo
Big SunroofNo
T Bar RoofNo
Roof EquipmentNo
Targa RoofNo
Hard TopNo
Soft Top-
Canvas Top-
Metal Top-
Magnesium WheelsNo
Side Sliding DoorNo
Sliding DoorsNo
Sliding Electric DoorNo
Sliding Electric DoorsNo
Door Easy CloserNo
Power Rear DoorNo
Head Lights WasherNo
Privacy GlassStandart
Winter ComplectationNo

SUBARU PLEO 660 F TYPE S INTERIOR
Power WindowStandart
Power SteeringStandart
Keyless EnterStandart
Cruise ControlNo
Leather SeatNo
Power Adjustable SeatsNo
Front Seat HeaterNo
Power Ajustable Front SeatNo
Removable SeatsNo
Shifter Positionsteering column
Steering Locatonright
Steereing Gear Typerack & pinion type
Ottoman SeatNo
Front Bench SeatNo
Full Flat Seats-
Seat Position MemoryNo
Seat LifterStandart
Adjustable 3rd RowNo
Walk Throught-
2nd Row Throught-
2nd Rowseparate folding
3nd Row-
Lagage BoxNo
Engine Start ButtonNo
EtcNo
Bucket SeatNo

SUBARU PLEO 660 F TYPE S SAFETY
Drivers AirbagStandart
Passengers AirbagOption
Side AirbagNo
ABSABS with EBD ( standard )
Break AssistNo
Parking RadarNo
Curtain AirbagsNo
2 AirbagsNo
Front MonitorNo
Sides MonitorsNo
Back MonitorNo
Active HeadrestNo
Start Stop SystemNo
Run Flat TiresNo
Air SuspensionNo
Brakes Equipment-
Collision Mitigation SystemNo
Night VisionNo
Lane Keep AssistNo
Distance Control SystemNo
SonarNo
Cenral Diff LockNo
ESCNo
Traction ControlNo
Down Hill AssistNo
AYCNo
SH-4WDNo
Isofix BarStandart
Build-in Child SeatNo
Autocorrected MirrorsNo
Rain SensorNo
Intelligent AFSNo
Alarm SystemNo
Security AlarmNo
Road Service-

AMENITY
Air Conditionermanualair conditioning(standard)
Air PurifierNo
RadioStandart
Autoreverse CasetteNo
CD PlayerStandart
MD PalyerNo
Navigation System-
Mesomorphic Monitor-
Traffic Jam Assist-
Audio HDDNo
DVD-audioNo
Additional Sound Equipment-
Rear Entertainment SystemNo
SpeakerStandart
AC PlugNo
Stearing Wheel HeaterNo
Rear Seats HeaterNo
HumidifierNo
Air FilterNo
Antibacterial FilterNo
ะždor AbsorberNo
DehumidifierNo
Intelligent Parking AssistNo
Optional Navigation SystemNo

OTHER
LSDNo


- Present
- Option
- Not Present (or Dealer Option)



More photos Subaru Pleo


By Brian Wong, Reviewed by: Kurt Niebuhr, Updated on April 20, 2024
๐Ÿ“Œ Introduction
๐Ÿ“Œ Model Years: 2005-2006
๐Ÿ“Œ Engine: 660cc
๐Ÿ“Œ Fuel Efficiency: MPG and Fuel Consumption
๐Ÿ“Œ Dimensions and Sizes
๐Ÿ“Œ Trim Levels and Models
๐Ÿ“Œ Generations and Evolution
๐Ÿ“Œ Wheel Options
๐Ÿ“Œ Fuel Tank Capacity
๐Ÿ“Œ Conclusion
๐Ÿ“Œ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about the 2005-Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S

Introduction

The 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S captures an era of compact versatility and efficiency. This model, produced between October 2005 and June 2006, boasts a front-wheel drive configuration, making it agile for urban driving. Its Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) with multiple speeds enhances the driving experience.

Under its compact frame (339.5x147.5x155 cm), the Pleo offers ample interior space. With an interior size of 168.5x122x125.5 cm, this 4-door, 4-seater car accommodates passengers comfortably. The lightweight design contributes to its overall maneuverability, aided by a minimum turning circle of 4.7 meters.

The engine, an EN07 model, generates a maximum power output of 46.6 PS at 6000 rpm, supported by a torque of 57.8 Nm at 5200 rpm. With a 658 cm3 displacement, it runs on regular gasoline and adheres to the 2000 emission regulation with a 25% reduction in emissions.

The Pleo 660 F Type S incorporates a strut suspension system for both the front and rear, ensuring stability and a smooth ride. Front disc brakes (V disk) and rear drum brakes provide reliable stopping power. The 155/65 R13 tires offer a good balance between efficiency and grip.

Within the cabin, the Pleo offers standard features such as power windows, power steering, and keyless entry for convenience. The steering column-mounted shifter enhances cabin space utilization. Safety features include a driver's airbag as standard and the option for a passenger airbag, complemented by ABS with EBD for effective braking.

A pioneer in compact cars, the 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S strikes a balance between practicality and performance, making it an appealing choice for urban dwellers seeking an efficient and maneuverable vehicle.

Model Years: 2005-2006

The model years of 2005-2006 marked a significant phase for the Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S. Introduced in October 2005, this compact marvel was designed to cater to the demands of urban mobility while offering efficient performance. Its production spanned until June 2006, showcasing Subaru's commitment to providing practical yet innovative solutions for city driving challenges.

During these years, the Pleo 660 F Type S remained at the forefront of its class, blending sleek design with functional dimensions. With exterior measurements of 339.5 cm in length, 147.5 cm in width, and 155 cm in height, this car exhibited a compact footprint that was well-suited to maneuvering through tight city streets. The interior, accommodating four seats, was thoughtfully designed to maximize space and comfort for occupants.

Under the hood, the Pleo 660 F Type S carried a 658 cm3 engine, embodying the ethos of efficiency and performance inherent to kei cars. This engine was crafted to strike a balance between power and fuel economy, catering to the needs of urban commuters and short trips.

Throughout its production run, the 2005-2006 Pleo 660 F Type S solidified its reputation as a versatile and reliable choice, offering modern features for the era. Its commitment to blending practicality with innovation made it a standout option for individuals seeking a car that could effortlessly navigate city life while delivering a comfortable and efficient driving experience.

Engine: 660cc

At the heart of the 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S lies a compact yet spirited powerhouse. With an engine displacement of 660cc, this vehicle exemplifies the essence of a kei car, offering efficient performance perfectly tailored to urban environments.

The 660cc engine serves as a testament to Subaru's commitment to innovation and adaptability. While its displacement may be modest, it's a design choice that prioritizes fuel efficiency and maneuverability, aligning seamlessly with the demands of city driving. This engine's compact size not only contributes to the car's overall dimensions but also facilitates nimble handling, making it a joy to navigate through crowded streets and tight corners.

Incorporating modern engineering advancements, this engine delivers a remarkable blend of power and fuel economy. It's designed to offer a harmonious balance between performance and practicality, allowing the Pleo 660 F Type S to excel in stop-and-go traffic and short-distance commuting. This is a prime example of how thoughtful engineering can result in an engine that suits the specific needs of urban dwellers, providing an ideal harmony between output and efficiency.

The 660cc engine not only propels the Pleo 660 F Type S forward but also embodies a philosophy of purpose-driven design. It showcases Subaru's dedication to crafting vehicles that cater to the nuances of daily life, making it a standout choice for those seeking a compact car that seamlessly integrates into the rhythms of city living.

Fuel Efficiency: MPG and Fuel Consumption

The 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S stands as a testament to intelligent engineering, particularly when it comes to fuel efficiency. Designed for urban mobility, this car shines with its commendable MPG and fuel consumption figures, catering to the demands of city living while keeping a watchful eye on the environment and your wallet.

Subaru's commitment to delivering a fuel-efficient driving experience is evident in the Pleo 660 F Type S. The car boasts an impressive fuel consumption rate, allowing drivers to cover more ground with less fuel. This efficiency is a result of meticulous engineering that optimizes the interplay between the 660cc engine and the vehicle's weight and aerodynamics.

In terms of miles per gallon (MPG), the Pleo 660 F Type S offers a notable figure that attests to its eco-friendly design. With its focus on delivering value to drivers, this car extends its mileage per unit of fuel, translating into fewer trips to the pump and a reduced carbon footprint.

The fuel efficiency of the Pleo 660 F Type S is a reflection of its role as a city-centric vehicle, where stop-and-go traffic and short distances are the norm. This car excels in these conditions, making it an ideal companion for urban dwellers seeking an efficient and cost-effective mode of transportation.

As the automotive landscape evolves, the 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S remains a shining example of how fuel efficiency and smart engineering can harmoniously coexist, offering drivers an efficient and sustainable driving experience tailored to the demands of modern urban life.

Dimensions and Sizes

The dimensions and sizes of the 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S are a testament to its compact and efficient design, perfectly suited for maneuvering through the bustling streets of urban environments.

From an exterior standpoint, the Pleo 660 F Type S presents itself as a nimble contender, with an exterior length of 339.5 cm, width of 147.5 cm, and height of 155 cm. These dimensions translate to a compact frame that effortlessly weaves through tight spaces, while the lightweight build contributes to its agility.

Inside, the Pleo continues to excel in space optimization. The interior length measures 168.5 cm, while the width spans 122 cm and the height stands at 125.5 cm. This meticulous design ensures that despite its compact exterior, the interior is well-appointed for the comfort of both driver and passengers.

The overall size of the Pleo 660 F Type S is a testament to the marriage of form and function, where its dimensions are tailored to the demands of urban driving without compromising on the comfort and convenience of the occupants. It's a harmonious blend of practicality and modern engineering that defines the car's character.

Trim Levels and Models

The 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S was offered as a standout choice for urban motorists seeking a blend of style and efficiency. While available trim levels and models varied, the underlying ethos remained consistentรขโ‚ฌโ€providing a compact, practical, and stylish driving experience tailored for city life.

Subaru's dedication to offering versatile options was evident in the different trim levels and models available for the Pleo 660 F Type S. These variations might have included enhancements in terms of features, aesthetics, or even specialized packages catering to specific preferences. From standard to more advanced options, each trim level aimed to cater to a diverse spectrum of drivers.

The Pleo 660 F Type S's appeal extended beyond its dimensions and engine performance. Depending on the trim level and model, drivers could have experienced upgraded interior features, enhanced infotainment options, and stylistic touches that added a personal touch to their driving experience.

In this regard, the 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S embodied the automaker's commitment to providing a versatile range of choices, ensuring that drivers could select a model that best resonated with their preferences and requirements. Whether seeking a well-rounded urban companion or a more feature-rich option, the Pleo's trim levels and models catered to a diverse array of driving needs.

Generations and Evolution

The 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S marked a notable period in the evolution of this iconic model. As it progressed through generations, Subaru's dedication to innovation and adaptability became evident in the subtle yet impactful changes made to enhance the driving experience.

During these years, the Pleo 660 F Type S underwent refinement that aligns with the ever-changing automotive landscape. While the core principles of compactness, efficiency, and maneuverability remained steadfast, advancements were introduced to elevate the driving experience. These changes could encompass improved technology integration, refined interior materials, and enhanced safety features to ensure that the Pleo stayed in tune with the evolving needs of drivers.

The evolution of the Pleo 660 F Type S encapsulated Subaru's ongoing commitment to marrying tradition with progress. With each new iteration, the car retained its quintessential charm while embracing modern conveniences that contribute to the comfort and functionality of the vehicle.

Whether in terms of technological enhancements or design refinements, the Pleo's journey through these years demonstrated Subaru's ability to listen to feedback, adapt to market demands, and continuously fine-tune their offering. This approach enabled the Pleo 660 F Type S to remain a relevant and sought-after choice for urban motorists looking for a compact vehicle that strikes the right balance between practicality and innovation.

Wheel Options

The wheel options of the 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S played a crucial role in enhancing both the aesthetics and functionality of this compact marvel. Designed with a keen eye on performance and style, the available wheel choices provided drivers with the opportunity to customize their driving experience to suit their preferences.

Subaru recognized that the right set of wheels could significantly influence the overall appearance of the Pleo 660 F Type S. With options that ranged from various sizes to distinctive designs, drivers could choose a wheel configuration that resonated with their personal style. Whether opting for a classic look or a more modern and dynamic design, the available wheel options allowed individuals to make a statement on the road.

Beyond aesthetics, wheel options were also chosen to complement the car's overall performance. Each wheel choice was carefully considered to ensure it didn't compromise the Pleo's maneuverability, stability, or fuel efficiency. This attention to detail showcased Subaru's commitment to delivering a well-rounded driving experience that balanced both form and function.

In summary, the 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S's wheel options exemplified the automaker's dedication to providing drivers with choices that went beyond appearance. Each wheel selection represented a fusion of style and performance, allowing drivers to personalize their Pleo while maintaining the car's core attributes of efficiency and urban adaptability.

Fuel Tank Capacity

The fuel tank capacity of the 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S played a vital role in its practicality and suitability for urban commuting. Designed to align with its compact and efficient nature, the fuel tank capacity struck a balance between minimizing refueling stops and maximizing the car's lightweight and nimble attributes.

With a fuel tank capacity of 8.4 US gallons or 7 UK gallons (32 liters), the Pleo 660 F Type S offered a noteworthy range before needing to visit the pump. This capacity was carefully chosen to cater to the demands of urban driving, where shorter distances and frequent stops are commonplace. The result was a car that could seamlessly navigate city streets without the constant need for refueling.

Subaru's consideration of the Pleo's fuel tank capacity demonstrated their commitment to enhancing the overall driving experience. By offering a balance between efficiency and practicality, the car remained a reliable and convenient choice for urban dwellers seeking a vehicle that aligned with their lifestyle.

In essence, the 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S's fuel tank capacity symbolized the automaker's meticulous attention to detail. This design choice not only reflected an understanding of the demands of city driving but also contributed to the car's reputation as a convenient and well-suited option for navigating the complexities of urban life.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S encapsulates a remarkable blend of practicality, efficiency, and urban adaptability. Through thoughtful engineering and design choices, this compact car addressed the specific needs of city drivers, offering a harmonious balance between performance, dimensions, and features.

With its 660cc engine, the Pleo delivered an efficient and responsive driving experience tailored to urban environments. The compact exterior dimensions facilitated nimble maneuvering through congested streets, while the interior dimensions optimized space for both passengers and cargo.

The available trim levels and models catered to a diverse spectrum of drivers, offering features that ranged from essential to more advanced, allowing drivers to select a configuration that resonated with their preferences. The Pleo's commitment to innovation was evident in its continuous evolution, embracing technological enhancements and design refinements to stay in tune with the changing automotive landscape.

The Pleo's wheel options and fuel tank capacity further underscored its suitability for city life. The carefully selected wheels combined style and performance, enhancing both aesthetics and driving dynamics. The fuel tank capacity, designed with urban driving in mind, minimized refueling stops and contributed to the car's efficiency.

In essence, the 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S embodied Subaru's commitment to providing a compact car that didn't compromise on quality, comfort, or performance. This vehicle stood as a testament to intelligent design, catering to the needs of urban dwellers seeking a versatile and reliable companion for their daily journeys.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about the 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S

What are the production years of the 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S?

The Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S was produced from October 2005 to June 2006.

What type of engine does the 2005-2006 Pleo 660 F Type S have?

The 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S is equipped with a 660cc engine.

How many trim levels and models were available for the 2005-2006 Pleo 660 F Type S?

Subaru offered various trim levels and models, allowing drivers to choose the configuration that best suited their preferences.

Can you provide information about the dimensions of the 2005-2006 Pleo 660 F Type S?

Certainly! The exterior dimensions include a length of 339.5 cm, width of 147.5 cm, and height of 155 cm.

What was the fuel tank capacity of the 2005-2006 Pleo 660 F Type S?

The fuel tank capacity of the 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S is 8.4 US gallons or 7 UK gallons (32 liters).

Did the Pleo 660 F Type S have different generations during these years?

While the 2005-2006 model years represented a specific generation, there may have been evolutionary changes and updates within this generation.

What kind of transmission does the 2005-2006 Pleo 660 F Type S have?

The 2005-2006 Subaru Pleo 660 F Type S features a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) with multiple speeds.

How did the Pleo 660 F Type S evolve over the years?

Throughout its production, the Pleo 660 F Type S might have undergone refinements in terms of technology, design, and features to stay relevant and modern.

What was the fuel efficiency of the 2005-2006 Pleo 660 F Type S?

The Pleo 660 F Type S is known for its impressive fuel efficiency, with fuel consumption figures that cater to city driving demands.

Did the Pleo 660 F Type S have different complectations or packages?

Subaru may have offered different complectations or packages, allowing buyers to customize their Pleo with additional features or enhancements.

What safety features were available in the 2005-2006 Pleo 660 F Type S?

The Pleo 660 F Type S was equipped with safety features such as a driver's airbag as standard and the option for a passenger airbag, along with ABS and EBD.

How did the Pleo 660 F Type S's engine contribute to its performance?

The 660cc engine in the Pleo 660 F Type S balanced power and efficiency, catering to the demands of city driving while providing responsive performance.

What were the available wheel options for the Pleo 660 F Type S?

Subaru offered various wheel options for the Pleo 660 F Type S, allowing drivers to choose the style and size that suited their preferences.

What distinguished the Pleo 660 F Type S in terms of its dimensions?

The Pleo 660 F Type S boasted compact exterior dimensions that made it highly maneuverable in urban settings, while its interior dimensions provided comfort for passengers.

Were there any notable changes in engine technology during these years?

While specific changes in engine technology might not have occurred within these model years, Subaru's continuous innovation could have influenced performance and efficiency.

How did the Pleo 660 F Type S contribute to a sustainable driving experience?

The Pleo 660 F Type S adhered to emission regulations and showcased Subaru's commitment to reducing emissions while delivering an efficient and sustainable driving experience.

What interior features were available in the 2005-2006 Pleo 660 F Type S?

The Pleo 660 F Type S's interior features included power windows, power steering, and keyless entry as standard options, catering to convenience and comfort.

What role did the fuel tank capacity play in the Pleo 660 F Type S's urban adaptability?

The well-considered fuel tank capacity of the Pleo 660 F Type S minimized refueling stops, aligning with the car's purpose as an efficient and practical urban companion.

Were there any sport-tuned suspension options available for the Pleo 660 F Type S?

Sport-tuned suspension might not have been offered for the Pleo 660 F Type S, as it was primarily designed for efficient urban commuting.

Did the Pleo 660 F Type S offer any advanced safety features like collision mitigation systems?

Advanced safety features like collision mitigation systems might not have been available in the 2005-2006 Pleo 660 F Type S, which focused on basic safety elements.

How did the Pleo 660 F Type S's dimensions contribute to its performance?

The compact dimensions of the Pleo 660 F Type S facilitated agile maneuvering, allowing it to navigate through urban environments with ease.

Were there any technological advancements introduced in the Pleo 660 F Type S during its production years?

While major technological advancements might not have occurred within the specific production years, the Pleo could have seen improvements in features and integration.

How did the Pleo 660 F Type S stand out in terms of urban driving demands?

The Pleo 660 F Type S catered to urban driving demands with its compact dimensions, efficient engine, and thoughtful features, making it a practical and stylish choice for city dwellers.


Brian Wong - Senior Reviews Editor of cars-directory.net

Brian Wong / Author

Brian Wong is an accomplished automotive journalist and editor with a passion for cars. With over a decade of experience in the industry, he has established himself as a trusted voice in the automotive community. Brian has written extensively about a wide range of topics in the field, from the latest trends in car design to innovative safety features and emerging technologies. As a senior reviews editor, he is responsible for test driving and analyzing the latest cars on the market, providing readers with accurate and objective reviews. His articles are widely read and respected for their depth of knowledge and analysis. Brian is committed to staying at the forefront of the latest developments in the automotive industry, and is dedicated to sharing his expertise and insights with his readers.

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