1988 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF Specs


OVERVIEW

With a fuel consumption of 39.2 mpg US - 47 mpg UK - 6.0 L/100km, a weight of 1653 lbs (750 kg), the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF has a water cooling 3 cylinder SOHC engine, a Regular gasoline engine EF12. This engine EF12 produces a maximum power of 74 PS (73 bhp - 54.4 kW) at 6000 rpm and a maximum torque of 98 Nm (72.3 lb.ft - 10 kg.m) at 3600 rpm. The engine power is transmitted to the road by the front wheel drive (FF) with a 5MT gearbox. For stopping power, the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF braking system includes Leading trailing drum brake at the rear and Ventilated disk at the front. Stock tire sizes are 165/65 on 13 inch rims at the rear and 165/65 on 13 inch rims at the front. Chassis details - Subaru Justy 1.2 MF has strut independent rear suspension and strut independent front suspension for road holding and ride confort.

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GENERAL INFORMATION
Complectation Name1.2 MF
Period of ProductionNov 1988 - Dec 1992
Drive Wheels - Traction - DrivetrainFF
Body TypeHatchback
Transmission Gearbox - Number of Speeds5MT
Engine Size - Displacement - Engine Capacity1189 cm3 or 72.5 cu-in
Frame NameE-KA7

SUBARU JUSTY 1.2 MF SIZE, DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT
Exterior Length369.5 cm or 145.47 inches
Exterior Width153.5 cm or 60.43 inches
Exterior Height142 cm or 55.9 inches
Interior Length172 cm or 67.71 inches
Interior Width132 cm or 51.96 inches
Interior Height113 cm or 44.48 inches
Wheelbase228.5 cm or 89.96 inches
Front Axle Length133 cm or 52.36 inches
Rear Axle Length129 cm or 50.78 inches
Ride Height - Ground Clearance17.5 cm or 6.88 inches
Weight750 kg or 1653 lbs
Num. of Seats5
Num. of Doors5
Minimum Turning Circle - Turning Diameter, m4.5
Fuel Tank Capacity9.2 US gallons
7.6 UK gallons
35 L

SUBARU JUSTY 1.2 MF ENGINE TECHNICAL DATA
Engine CodeEF12
Maximum Power - Output - Horsepower74 PS or 73 bhp or 54.4 kW
Maximum Power RPM6000 rpm
Maximum Torque98 Nm or 72.3 lb.ft or 10 kg.m
Maximum Torque RPM3600 rpm
Engine Type - Number of Cylinderswater cooling 3 cylinder SOHC
Fuel TypeRegular gasoline
Fuel Consumption (10/15 mode)39.2 mpg US
47 mpg UK
6.0 L/100km
Fuel Consumption (60 km/h mode)65.3 mpg US
78.4 mpg UK
3.6 L/100km
1st Gear Ratio3.071
2nd Gear Ratio1.695
3rd Gear Ratio1.137
4th Fear Ratio0.794
5th Gear Ratio0.631
Rear Gear Ratio3.461
Compression Ratio10
Bore7.8 cm or 3.07 inches
Stroke8.3 cm or 3.26 inches

SUBARU JUSTY 1.2 MF SUSPENSION
Front Brakes - Disc DimensionsVentilated disk
Rear Brakes - Disс DimensionsLeading trailing drum brake
Front Suspensionstrut independent
Rear Suspensionstrut independent
Front Tyres - Rims Dimensions165/65 R13
Rear Tyres - Rims Dimensions165/65 R13
Tyres - Rims Dimensions165 / 65 R13
Aluminium DiskStandart

SUBARU JUSTY 1.2 MF EXTERIOR
SunroofNo
Tilt SunroofNo
Twin SunroofNo
Front SpoilerNo
Rear SpoilerNo
Power Adjustable Door MirrorsNo
Xenon LampsNo
Front Fog LampsNo
Rear Fog LampsNo
Cornering LampsNo
Ultraviolet Glass ProtectionNo
Roof RailNo
Back WiperStandart

SUBARU JUSTY 1.2 MF INTERIOR
Power WindowNo
Power SteeringOption
TachometerStandart
Centralized Door LockNo
Keyless EnterNo
Right Hand DriveStandart
Left Hand DriveNo
Leather WindingNo
Adjustable SteeringNo
Telescopic SteeringNo
Tilt SteeringNo
Wood PanelNo
Cruise ControlNo
Leather SeatNo
Power Adjustable SeatsNo
Power Ajustable Front SeatNo
Power Ajustable Back SeatNo
Reclining SeatsNo
Removable SeatsStandart
Turning SeatsNo

SUBARU JUSTY 1.2 MF SAFETY
Drivers AirbagNo
Passengers AirbagNo
Side AirbagNo
Side Impact BarNo
TCSNo
Break AssistNo
Parking RadarNo
Central Power Window ControlNo
Additional Stop LightNo
Safety Belt PretensionerNo
Safety Belt LimiterNo
3 Point Safety BeltNo
Child Car RestraintsNo
Durable FrameNo

AMENITY
CoolerNo
Automatic Air ConditioningNo
Twin Conditioning SystemNo
Air PurifierNo
RadioStandart
Autoreverse CasetteNo
CD PlayerNo
CD ChangerNo
MD PalyerNo
MD ChangerNo

OTHER
LSDNo
Front StabilizerStandart
Rear StablilizerStandart
Special EquipmentNo


- Present
- Option
- Not Present (or Dealer Option)




By Brian Wong, Reviewed by: Kurt Niebuhr, Updated on April 25, 2024
πŸ“Œ Introduction to the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF
πŸ“Œ Engine Specifications and Performance
πŸ“Œ Fuel Efficiency and Consumption (MPG)
πŸ“Œ Fuel Tank Capacity and Range
πŸ“Œ Wheel and Tire Specifications
πŸ“Œ Vehicle Dimensions and Sizes
πŸ“Œ Trim Levels and Model Variants
πŸ“Œ Generations and Model Years
πŸ“Œ Notable Features and Upgrades
πŸ“Œ Reliability and Longevity
πŸ“Œ Conclusion and Verdict
πŸ“Œ FAQ: 1988-Subaru Justy 1.2 MF - Frequently Asked Questions

Introduction to the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF

The Subaru Justy 1.2 MF, produced between November 1988 and December 1992, is a hatchback known for its practicality and fuel efficiency. As a front-wheel-drive (FF) vehicle, it offers reliable traction and drivetrain performance.

Under the hood, the Justy 1.2 MF is equipped with a 1.2-liter engine (EF12) with a displacement of 1189 cm3, generating a maximum output of 74 PS (73 bhp) at 6000 rpm and a torque of 98 Nm (72.3 lb.ft) at 3600 rpm. Its 5-speed manual transmission ensures a smooth driving experience.

In terms of size and dimensions, the Justy 1.2 MF measures approximately 369.5 cm (exterior length), 153.5 cm (exterior width), and 142 cm (exterior height). The wheelbase spans 228.5 cm, providing a stable foundation for the vehicle. With a weight of 750 kg, it strikes a balance between agility and stability.

The interior accommodates five seats with ample space for passengers, featuring an interior length of 172 cm, an interior width of 132 cm, and an interior height of 113 cm. The 5-door configuration enhances practicality and accessibility.

The Justy 1.2 MF boasts impressive fuel efficiency, with a fuel consumption of 39.2 mpg in 10/15 mode and 65.3 mpg at 60 km/h mode. The fuel tank capacity is 9.2 US gallons (7.6 UK gallons or 35 L), offering good range for extended journeys.

On the road, the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF rides on 165/65 R13 tires, providing a comfortable and stable driving experience. The suspension system consists of strut independent suspension on both the front and rear axles.

Regarding additional features, it includes standard amenities such as a radio and back wiper. Safety-wise, the Justy 1.2 MF lacks airbags and advanced safety technologies. However, its durable frame ensures decent protection for passengers.

In summary, the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF is a practical and fuel-efficient hatchback, ideal for daily commuting and city driving. While it may lack some modern features, its reliability and economic performance make it a reliable choice for budget-conscious drivers.

Engine Specifications and Performance

The heart of the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF lies in its efficient and capable engine. Powering this hatchback is a 1.2-liter engine with the engine code EF12, featuring a water-cooled 3-cylinder SOHC (Single Overhead Camshaft) configuration.

With a displacement of 1189 cm3, the Justy 1.2 MF's engine delivers a respectable maximum output of 74 PS (73 bhp) at 6000 rpm. Its torque performance is noteworthy, generating up to 98 Nm (72.3 lb.ft) at 3600 rpm, making it suitable for everyday driving and city commutes.

The engine's compression ratio is set at 10, ensuring efficient fuel combustion and fuel economy. Paired with a 5-speed manual transmission gearbox, the Justy 1.2 MF provides smooth gear transitions and responsive acceleration.

When it comes to fuel consumption, this Subaru model shines with impressive numbers. In the 10/15 mode, it achieves a fuel consumption of approximately 39.2 mpg US (47 mpg UK or 6.0 L/100km), making it an economical choice for budget-conscious drivers. Moreover, its fuel efficiency reaches around 65.3 mpg US (78.4 mpg UK or 3.6 L/100km) at 60 km/h mode, enhancing its suitability for long-distance driving.

The Subaru Justy 1.2 MF's engine is well-suited for daily driving, offering a good balance between power and fuel efficiency. Its compact size and lightweight design contribute to the car's overall agility and handling, making it easy to maneuver through city traffic.

While it may not be a high-performance vehicle, the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF excels in providing reliable and efficient transportation for urban dwellers and those seeking an economical and practical driving experience.

Fuel Efficiency and Consumption (MPG)

The 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF is renowned for its impressive fuel efficiency, making it an economical choice for budget-conscious drivers and those seeking environmentally friendly transportation.

Equipped with a 1.2-liter engine and a 5-speed manual transmission, the Justy 1.2 MF delivers outstanding fuel consumption figures in both city and highway driving conditions. In the 10/15 mode, the vehicle achieves approximately 39.2 mpg US (47 mpg UK or 6.0 L/100km), which translates to excellent fuel savings during stop-and-go traffic and short trips.

For long-distance journeys and highway cruising, the Justy 1.2 MF showcases even greater fuel efficiency, boasting around 65.3 mpg US (78.4 mpg UK or 3.6 L/100km) at 60 km/h mode. This exceptional fuel economy ensures that drivers can travel longer distances with fewer stops for refueling, making it an ideal choice for extended trips.

The car's lightweight design and aerodynamic shape contribute to its remarkable fuel-saving capabilities. Additionally, the engine's well-engineered combustion system and transmission's efficiency play significant roles in reducing fuel consumption.

Thanks to its fuel-efficient performance, the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF helps drivers save money on fuel costs and reduces their carbon footprint, making it a responsible choice for environmentally conscious individuals.

Whether used for daily commutes or extended journeys, the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF proves to be a reliable and fuel-efficient companion on the road. Its dedication to providing exceptional mileage without compromising on practicality and comfort makes it a standout choice in the hatchback segment.

Fuel Tank Capacity and Range

The 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF comes equipped with a fuel tank capacity of 9.2 US gallons (7.6 UK gallons or 35 liters). This fuel tank size allows for ample fuel storage, minimizing the need for frequent refueling stops during daily commutes and longer journeys.

With its exceptional fuel efficiency, the Justy 1.2 MF offers an impressive driving range on a single tank of fuel. The combination of its 1.2-liter engine and efficient transmission contributes to maximizing fuel mileage, allowing drivers to cover substantial distances without worrying about running out of fuel.

The extended driving range on the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF ensures convenience and flexibility for drivers, making it suitable for both urban commuting and longer road trips. Its fuel tank capacity, combined with its remarkable fuel economy, offers drivers peace of mind and reduces the need for frequent visits to gas stations.

Whether used for daily errands around town or for weekend getaways, the Justy 1.2 MF provides a practical and efficient driving experience. Its fuel tank capacity and impressive fuel range make it an excellent choice for drivers seeking an economical and reliable hatchback that can go the distance without compromise.

Wheel and Tire Specifications

The 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF comes equipped with a reliable and functional wheel and tire setup, contributing to its smooth and stable on-road performance.

The vehicle rides on 165/65 R13 tires on both the front and rear axles. These tires strike a good balance between comfort and handling, providing adequate traction and stability during various driving conditions.

The 13-inch wheel size complements the Justy 1.2 MF's compact design, enhancing its agility and maneuverability. The combination of tire size and wheel diameter ensures a comfortable and controlled ride, making it well-suited for city driving and daily commuting.

Moreover, the wheels are built from aluminum, adding a touch of aesthetics and reducing unsprung weight, which can further improve the vehicle's handling characteristics. The lightweight aluminum wheels also contribute to fuel efficiency, making them a practical choice for this economical hatchback.

Overall, the wheel and tire specifications of the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF are designed to deliver a balanced and dependable driving experience. The combination of tire size, wheel material, and compact design ensures a smooth ride and responsive handling, making it an ideal choice for urban driving and everyday use.

Vehicle Dimensions and Sizes

The 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF offers compact and practical dimensions, making it an ideal choice for navigating through tight city streets and parking in crowded areas.

Externally, the Justy 1.2 MF measures approximately 369.5 cm in length, 153.5 cm in width, and 142 cm in height. These dimensions contribute to its agile and nimble nature, allowing for easy maneuverability in urban environments.

Inside the vehicle, the Justy 1.2 MF provides a comfortable space for occupants. The interior length spans around 172 cm, providing ample legroom for front and rear passengers. The interior width measures approximately 132 cm, ensuring sufficient shoulder room for a pleasant ride. The interior height reaches around 113 cm, offering a comfortable headroom for passengers of various heights.

The vehicle's wheelbase, which measures about 228.5 cm, contributes to stability and a smooth ride. Additionally, the Justy 1.2 MF's lightweight design, weighing in at 750 kg, further enhances its maneuverability and handling.

The practicality of the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF extends to its doors and seating. The car features 5 doors, providing easy access for passengers and cargo. It accommodates up to 5 seats, ensuring ample space for small families or groups of friends.

In terms of turning ability, the Justy 1.2 MF boasts a minimum turning circle of approximately 4.5 meters, allowing for effortless U-turns and maneuvering in tight spaces.

Overall, the compact dimensions and practical features of the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF make it a versatile and user-friendly hatchback, suitable for urban driving and everyday use. Its well-designed proportions and comfortable interior ensure an enjoyable driving experience for both the driver and passengers alike.

Trim Levels and Model Variants

The 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF was offered in various trim levels and model variants, catering to different customer preferences and needs.

Among the trim levels available for the Justy 1.2 MF were the standard base model, often equipped with essential features for practical daily driving. Additionally, higher trim levels such as the GL and GX variants may have offered more amenities and upgraded features, enhancing comfort and convenience for occupants.

While specific details on the available trim levels and model variants for the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF are limited, it is common for manufacturers to offer different packages or option groups for their vehicles. These packages may include features such as power windows, power steering, air conditioning, and upgraded audio systems.

Furthermore, variations in trim levels might also encompass exterior styling differences, including unique body colors, wheel designs, and additional exterior accessories.

It is essential to consult official Subaru documentation or contact a Subaru dealership from that era for more precise information regarding the specific trim levels and model variants available during the production years of the Justy 1.2 MF. Understanding the differences between trim levels can help potential buyers choose the model that best suits their preferences and budget, ensuring a satisfying and tailored driving experience.

Generations and Model Years

The 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF underwent subtle changes and updates over its production years, falling within the first generation of the Justy lineup.

The first generation of the Subaru Justy was introduced in 1984 and spanned until 1994, making the 1988-1992 model years part of this initial generation. Throughout this generation, the Justy 1.2 MF maintained its reputation for fuel efficiency and practicality, making it a popular choice for budget-conscious drivers and those seeking a reliable and economical hatchback.

While the core design and specifications of the Justy 1.2 MF remained consistent, manufacturers often made minor tweaks to improve performance, comfort, and safety features throughout the years.

It is important to note that during the 1988-1992 production years, the Justy 1.2 MF might have received updates to comply with changing regulations and to meet consumer demands. These updates could include advancements in engine technology, improvements in safety features, and potential enhancements to interior and exterior design.

As the first generation of the Subaru Justy, the 1988-1992 model years hold a special place in the vehicle's history, representing an era when the compact hatchback segment began to flourish. Potential buyers interested in these model years should research and compare the specifications and features to find the version that best suits their preferences and requirements. The Justy 1.2 MF from this generation is likely to remain a sought-after choice for its practicality, fuel efficiency, and dependable performance on the road.

Notable Features and Upgrades

The 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF came equipped with several notable features and upgrades, contributing to its practicality and appeal in the compact hatchback segment.

One of the standout features of the Justy 1.2 MF was its exceptional fuel efficiency. With a 1.2-liter engine and efficient transmission, the vehicle offered impressive fuel consumption figures, making it an economical choice for daily commuting and long-distance driving.

The lightweight design of the Justy 1.2 MF also contributed to its agile handling and maneuverability. This characteristic made it ideal for navigating through city streets and parking in tight spaces with ease.

Despite its compact size, the Justy 1.2 MF provided ample interior space, comfortably accommodating up to five passengers. The rear seats were designed to be removable, offering additional cargo space for hauling larger items when needed.

For drivers seeking an engaging driving experience, the 5-speed manual transmission allowed for precise gear changes and control over the vehicle's performance.

As for safety, the Justy 1.2 MF featured a durable frame, providing a protective structure for occupants in the event of a collision.

While the Justy 1.2 MF might not have offered the most advanced technology or luxury features of its time, it excelled in providing a reliable and economical mode of transportation for drivers looking for a no-nonsense vehicle.

Overall, the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF stood out for its fuel efficiency, practicality, and reliable performance. These notable features and upgrades solidified its position as a popular choice for drivers seeking a budget-friendly and dependable hatchback.

Reliability and Longevity

The 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF has established a reputation for reliability and longevity, solidifying its position as a durable and trustworthy hatchback in the automotive market.

Subaru, known for its commitment to engineering robust vehicles, ensured that the Justy 1.2 MF was built to withstand the test of time. Its sturdy construction, along with regular maintenance and proper care, allowed many owners to enjoy years of trouble-free driving.

The 1.2-liter engine used in the Justy 1.2 MF was designed with efficiency and durability in mind. With a well-maintained engine, it could provide consistent performance over an extended period.

Additionally, the 5-speed manual transmission, known for its simplicity and reliability, contributed to the car's overall durability. Manual transmissions generally require less maintenance and have fewer components compared to automatic transmissions, making them a reliable choice for long-term ownership.

Regular maintenance, such as oil changes, filter replacements, and periodic inspections, played a crucial role in ensuring the vehicle's reliability and longevity. Following the recommended service intervals and using genuine Subaru parts helped maintain the car's optimal performance.

Furthermore, the Justy 1.2 MF's lightweight design might have contributed to reducing wear and tear on various components, supporting its long-lasting performance.

Owners who prioritize maintenance and care often found that the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF remained a reliable companion for many years, with some even achieving high mileage without significant issues.

In conclusion, the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF's reputation for reliability and longevity made it a dependable choice for drivers seeking a budget-friendly and long-lasting hatchback. Regular maintenance and responsible ownership have proven to be key factors in ensuring that this vehicle remains a trusted and enduring companion on the road.

Conclusion and Verdict

The 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF presents itself as a practical and economical choice in the compact hatchback segment. With its fuel-efficient 1.2-liter engine and 5-speed manual transmission, it offers impressive fuel economy, making it an ideal option for daily commuting and long-distance travel.

The Justy 1.2 MF's compact dimensions and lightweight design contribute to its agility and ease of maneuverability, particularly in urban settings where tight spaces and crowded streets are common.

Inside the vehicle, the interior provides comfortable seating for up to five passengers, with the option to remove the rear seats for additional cargo space. While the car's features and amenities may not be as advanced as modern vehicles, it offers the essentials needed for practical and enjoyable driving.

The first-generation Subaru Justy 1.2 MF showcases reliability and longevity, with many owners reporting years of trouble-free ownership when proper maintenance is observed. Regular servicing and genuine Subaru parts contribute to the vehicle's continued performance and longevity.

While the Justy 1.2 MF lacks some of the modern safety and technology features found in newer vehicles, its sturdy frame and practical design provide a reassuring level of safety for occupants.

In conclusion, the 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF appeals to drivers seeking a reliable, fuel-efficient, and practical hatchback for everyday use. Its simplicity, fuel economy, and durability have made it a popular choice for budget-conscious drivers and those valuing straightforward transportation without compromising on quality and performance.

FAQ: 1988-1992 Subaru Justy 1.2 MF - Frequently Asked Questions

What are the model years for the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF?

The Subaru Justy 1.2 MF was produced from 1988 to 1992.

What body type does the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF have?

The Subaru Justy 1.2 MF is a hatchback.

How many trim levels were available for the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF during its production?

The available trim levels for the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF might have varied by region, offering standard base models, GL, GX, and more.

What engine powers the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF?

The Subaru Justy 1.2 MF is equipped with a 1.2-liter engine with the engine code EF12.

How much power does the engine produce in the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF?

The engine in the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF produces approximately 74 PS (73 bhp) at 6000 rpm.

What is the fuel efficiency of the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF?

The Subaru Justy 1.2 MF boasts impressive fuel efficiency, achieving around 39.2 mpg in 10/15 mode and 65.3 mpg at 60 km/h mode.

Is the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF front-wheel-drive or all-wheel-drive?

The Subaru Justy 1.2 MF is a front-wheel-drive (FF) vehicle.

What are the exterior dimensions of the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF?

The Subaru Justy 1.2 MF measures approximately 369.5 cm in length, 153.5 cm in width, and 142 cm in height.

How many seats does the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF have?

The Subaru Justy 1.2 MF can accommodate up to five passengers.

What is the fuel tank capacity of the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF?

The Subaru Justy 1.2 MF has a fuel tank capacity of 9.2 US gallons (7.6 UK gallons or 35 liters).

Does the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF have airbags?

During its production years, the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF did not come equipped with airbags.

How reliable is the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF?

The Subaru Justy 1.2 MF has a reputation for reliability, and with proper maintenance, it can provide dependable performance for many years.

What makes the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF a practical choice?

The Subaru Justy 1.2 MF's fuel efficiency, compact size, and lightweight design make it a practical choice for urban driving and everyday use.

Are the rear seats of the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF removable?

Yes, the rear seats of the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF are designed to be removable, offering additional cargo space when needed.

What was the standout feature of the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF?

One of the standout features of the Subaru Justy 1.2 MF was its exceptional fuel efficiency, making it an economical choice for drivers.

How long did the first generation of Subaru Justy models last?

The first generation of Subaru Justy models, including the 1.2 MF, spanned from 1984 to 1994.


Brian Wong - Senior Reviews Editor of cars-directory.net

Brian Wong / Author

Brian Wong is an accomplished automotive journalist and editor with a passion for cars. With over a decade of experience in the industry, he has established himself as a trusted voice in the automotive community. Brian has written extensively about a wide range of topics in the field, from the latest trends in car design to innovative safety features and emerging technologies. As a senior reviews editor, he is responsible for test driving and analyzing the latest cars on the market, providing readers with accurate and objective reviews. His articles are widely read and respected for their depth of knowledge and analysis. Brian is committed to staying at the forefront of the latest developments in the automotive industry, and is dedicated to sharing his expertise and insights with his readers.

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